Objective: This study aimed to analyze myocardial work in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using a non-invasive pressure strain loop (PSL) technique to provide a basis for the quantitative assessment of left ventricular （LV） systolic function. Methods: LV myocardial work of 107 AF patients and 55 healthy individuals was assessed by the non-invasive PSL and then compared. Results: Global longitudinal strain (GLS) in absolute values, global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), and global work efficiency (GWE) were significantly lower in the AF group than control group, whereas peak strain dispersion (PSD) and global wasted work (GWW) were significantly higher ( P<0.05). Further subdivision according to the AF type revealed that, compared with the controls, GLS in absolute values and GWE decreased significantly; PSD and GWW increased significantly in the paroxysmal AF group ( P<0.05). Compared to paroxysmal AF, persistent AF induced a further decrease in absolute GLS and GWE and a further increase in GWW ( P<0.05) . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that GWI and GCW were associated with systolic blood pressure. GWW was associated with types of AF and left atrial volume index (LAVI). GWE was correlated with age, types of AF, disease duration, and LAVI. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve predicting myocardial injury was higher for GWE and GWW than for GLS. Conclusions: Non-invasive PSL can quantitatively assess LV systolic function in patients with different kinds of AF and detect early subclinical myocardial injury in patients with paroxysmal AF. Systolic blood pressure, type of AF, LVAI, disease duration, and age may be associated with myocardial injury in patients with AF.

A Rare Case of Fanconi Anemia with Mitomycin C sensitivityIntroduction-Fanconi anemia is a rare type of anemia whose incidence in India is 1 in 3,50,000(3). More prevalence is seen in the South African people. The Ashkenazi community is more likely to suffer from this illness. Compared to black South Africans, who have a carrier frequency of one in 40,000, Ashkenazi Jews have a disease carrier frequency of one in 89 (5). It is the most common inherited form of aplastic anemia. It is an autosomal recessive condition. The disease is evident due to chromosomal instability that affects the proteins involved in DNA Repair and regulation of cell cycle. This disorder has clinical manifestations related to skin, skeletal system, hematogical majorly. The management can be supportive and definite.CASE PRESENTATION-A referred case of a 6-year-old boy who was known to have Fanconi anaemia to SSG Hospital on 11/06/23. Six months before the admission, the patient went to Parul Hospital, Vadodara and made three visits ( in January, March and May ) in a span of six months. Every time, he was administered 2 units of 100 ml blood and the hemoglobin came to normal range after infusions. The private hospital then referred it to SSG Hospital, Vadodara. Initially, for five years the patient was asymptomatic and then this year the patient more frequently at night and with an intensifying dry cough, he started to feel unwell, and the patient was transported to a private hospital. The patient’s parents and two siblings remain unaffected. On general examination, the patient had considerable pallor on the tongue, mucosal linings, and nails, as well as generalised swelling in both the upper and lower limbs. He also had Mesomelia, low set ears, multiple hyperpigmented macules, Microcephaly, Micropthalmos, and thumb hypoplasia in both hands. The left kidney could not be felt when the abdomen was palpated, despite the fact that the testicles were bilaterally undescended and the abdomen was soft and non-tender. All developmental milestones have been attained by the patient. He has a history of PCV (Packed Cell Volume) transfusions from last six months.Investigations included differential WBC count and full blood count. The biochemical investigation (Table 1) reveals a normal urea level, normal thyroid function, and elevated C- reactive protein in addition to an aberrant liver profile (with elevated S.AST and S.ALT) and normal electrolytes. Also, the heamatological profile supported the patient’s pancytopenia as he has decreased Red blood cell count, platelet count and total WBC count. Even the patient’s Hb was below normal levels. The Red Cell Distribution Width was also more than normal levels due to premature release of immature cells into the bloodstream(7). A USG was performed, which revealed a right kidney with a somewhat dilated calyceal system and the absence of the left kidney in the left renal or iliac fossa. This is due to congenital agenesis of left kidney. The X-ray, revealed bilateral radial hypoplasia (Fig. 1) , which is a typical feature of Fanconi Anemia.

Joint action (JA) is a continuous process of motor co-regulation based on the integration of contextual (top-down) and kinematic (bottom-up) cues from partners. The fine equilibrium between excitation and inhibition in sensorimotor circuits is, thus, central to such a dynamic process of action selection and execution. In a bimanual task adapted to become a unimanual JA task, the participant held a bottle (JA), while a confederate had to reach and unscrew either that bottle or another stabilized by a mechanical clamp (No_JA). Prior knowledge was manipulated in each trial such that the participant knew (K) or not (no_K) the target bottle in advance. Online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered at action-relevant landmarks to explore corticospinal excitability (CSE) and inhibition (cortical silent period - cSP). CSE was modulated early on before the action started, if prior information was available. In contrast, cSP modulation emerged later during the reaching action, regardless of prior information. These two indexes could thus reflect the concurrent elaboration of contextual priors (top-down) and the online sampling of partner’s kinematic cues (bottom-up). Furthermore, participants selected either one of two possible behavioural strategies, preferring early or late force exertion on the bottle. One translates into a reduced risk of motor coordination failure and the other into reduced metabolic expenditure. Each strategy was characterised by a specific excitatory/inhibitory profile. In conclusion, the study of excitatory/inhibitory balance paves the way for the neurophysiological determination of individual differences in the combination of top-down and bottom-up processing during JA coordination.

Climate warming has triggered shifts in plant distributions, resulting in changes within communities, characterized by an increase in warm-demanding species and a decrease in cold-adapted species - referred to as thermophilization. Researchers conventionally rely on co-occurrence data from vegetation assemblages to examine these community dynamics. Despite the increasing availability of presence-only data in recent decades, their potential has largely remained unexplored due to concerns about their reliability. Our study aimed to determine whether climate-induced changes in community dynamics, as inferred from presence-only data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), corresponded with those derived from co-occurrence plot data in Norway. To assess the differences between these datasets, we quantified a Community Temperature Index (CTI) from the co-occurrence data set and compared this with CTI obtained from presence-only data. We also examined the temporal trend in CTI (i.e., thermophilization) in both datasets. To do this, we first established a species-temperature relationship based on data before climate warming. In a preliminary analysis, we assessed the performance of this relationship using three datasets: 1) Norwegian co-occurrence data, 2) presence-only data from a broader European region organized into pseudo-plots (potentially capturing more species niches), and 3) a combined dataset merging 1) and 2). The transfer function including both datasets performed best. Subsequently, we compared the CTI for the co-occurrence plots paired up spatially and temporally with presence-only pseudo-plots. The results demonstrated that presence-only data can effectively evaluate species assemblage responses to climate warming, with consistent CTI and thermophilization values in comparison to co-occurrence data. Employing presence-only data for evaluating community responses opens up better spatial and temporal resolution and much more detailed analyses of such responses, our results therefore outline how a large amount of presence-only data can be used to enhance our understanding of community dynamics in a warmer world.

Beetle hindwings have the unique advantages of lightweight and high strength, which play a key role in flight. In this study, the beetle hindwings were cut along the chordal direction, then the first groove microstructure of different vein cross sections was investigated using the 3D microscope system and LSCM. It was found that the position of the first groove relative to the entire chordal cross-section of the wing gradually moves backwards, which has an effect on the flying aerodynamic behaviors of the beetle. Next, three corrugated airfoils (CA models) learned from the microscopy imaging of ladybird beetle hindwing were designed. Then aerodynamic behaviors were calculated by ANSYS Fluent software, it was confirmed that the position of the first groove microstructure affects the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. For further study the influence of corrugated structural and motion parameters on the aerodynamic, 2D ‘simplified’ airfoil models with triangular corrugations (TWA models) were developed and studied.

This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of the static output-feedback polynomial fuzzy-model-based (SOF PFMB) control systems through designing a novel membership grade integration (MGI) approach. The nonconvex problems of the SOF PFMB control systems are convexificated into the convex conditions by introducing block diagonal positive-definite Lyapunov matrix and nonsingular transformation matrix. We proposed a new approximated membership functions, i.e. Lagrange Membership Functions (LMFs) method, which can be introduced into the stabilization process to relieve the stability conservativeness results. The LMFs are general representations of piecewise-linear membership functions (PLMFs), which makes the number of stability conditions not limited by the number of sample points. In a fixed subdomain, arbitrary sample points can be employed by the LMFs method and achieve higher approximation capability by increasing more sample points, so that membership grades can be incorporated into the system analysis. Furthermore, a novel MGI approach including the information of premise variables and LMFs are proposed, which can make the stability conditions more relaxed. Finally, a simulation example is given to show the merits of the developed techniques.

Defect engineering and metal decoration onto 2-D materials have gained major attention as a means of creating viable hydrogen storage materials. This Density Functional Theory (DFT) based study presents lithium decorated single vacancy (SV) and Stone-Wales (SW) defective silicene as a viable media for storing hydrogen via physisorption. Introducing defects increases the Li adatom’s binding energy from -2.36 eV in pristine silicene to -3.44 eV and -2.73 eV in SV and SW silicene, respectively, thus preventing Li adatom clustering. The presence of defects and Li adatom further aid hydrogen adsorption onto the substrates with binding energies present in the US-DOE set range of -0.2 to -0.7 eV/H 2 with the highest binding energy measured to be -0.389 eV/H 2. It was seen that both the Li-decorated defective systems were able to effectively store multiple H 2 molecules up to 28 H 2 with the highest gravimetric density being 5.97 wt %. The projected density of state plots indicates a combined overlap of the Li (p) and Li (s) orbitals with the H (s) orbital leading to enhanced H 2 binding energies. Molecular dynamic simulations conducted at 300 K confirm the stability of the Li adatom as well as the adsorbed H 2 molecules at room temperature, establishing the viability of these systems as effective, high gravimetric density, physisorption-based hydrogen storage media.

Objective: To better understand underlying factors of peripartum mortality we assessed variations in mortality by Robson 10-group classification. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Prospectively collected perinatal e-registry data from 16 hospitals in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda. Population: All women aged 13-49 who gave birth to a live or stillborn baby >1000g between July 2021 and December 2022. Methods: We compared peripartum mortality risk by Robson group and calculated proportional contributions to mortality. We assessed interactions between mortality and Caesarean sections using multivariable logistic regression and post-estimations margins. Main Outcome Measures: Peripartum mortality, defined as intrapartum stillbirths and very early (≤24 hours after birth) neonatal deaths. Results: We included 80 663 babies born to 78 085 women, of which 1 706 were intrapartum stillbirths and 617 very early neonatal deaths. Peripartum mortality was 5.2% (Benin), 1.6% (Malawi), 1.1% (Tanzania), and 3.7% (Uganda). The largest contributor to intrapartum stillbirths (27.8%) and very early neonatal deaths (23.3%) was Robson group 3 (multipara with cephalic term singleton in spontaneous labour) followed by group 10 (preterm birth). Intrapartum stillbirth risk in breech presentation (groups 6 and 7) was 5.1% in nullipara and 11.1% in multipara. A Caesarean section halved the odds of peripartum mortality in breech presentation in primipara (0.46; 95% CI 0.22-0.95). Conclusions: Our findings indicate a high share of peripartum mortality in lower obstetric risk groups and high mortality in breech deliveries and preterm births. This underscores the need to intensify actions to improve labour management.

Background & Aims: Intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) model was evaluated for host differences in HBV infection, cellular responses, antiviral and immunomodulator responses. Methods: 12 ICOs generated from liver resections and biopsies were assessed for metabolic markers and functional HBV entry receptor expression throughout differentiation. Structural changes relevant to HBV infection were characterised using histology, confocal and electron microscopy examinations. Optimal ICO culture conditions for HBV infection using HepAD38 (genotype D) and plasma derived HBV (genotype B & C) were described. HBV infection was confirmed using HBcAg immunostaining, qRT-PCR (RNA, cccDNA, extracellular DNA) and ELISA (HBsAg and HBeAg). Drug response to antiviral and immunosuppressive agent, and cellular responses (interferon-stimulated genes (ISG)) to interferon-α and viral mimic (PolyI:C) were assessed. Results: ICOs underwent metabolic and structural remodeling following differentiation. Optimal HBV infection was achieved in well-differentiated ICOs using spinoculation, with time and donor dependent increase in HBV RNA, cccDNA, extracellular DNA, HBeAg and HBsAg. Donor dependent drug-responsiveness to entry inhibitor and JAK inhibitor was observed. Despite having a robust ISG response to interferon-α and PolyI:C, HBV infection in ICOs did not upregulate ISGs. Conclusions: Human ICOs support HBV infection and replication with donor dependent variation in viral dynamics and cellular responses. These features can be utilised for development of personalised drug testing platform for antivirals.

A general approach is developed for discriminating strong and hereditary symmetric operators. The recursion operator of the Blaszak-Marciniak (BM) equation hierarchy is proved to be strong and hereditary symmetric. As an example of discrete soliton equations related to 3×3 matrix spectral problems, the τ-symmetries and Lie algebra structure of the BM equation are built firstly.

Perineural anaesthesia is a useful technique in equine surgery, providing pre-emptive targeted anaesthesia of the surgical site, reducing volatile anaesthetic requirements, improving recovery quality and providing post-operative pain relief. Surgery under standing sedation in horses has increased in popularity, mandating the need for effective locoregional anaesthesia and analgesic techniques. Nerve location techniques offer greater accuracy than blind techniques when placing injectate. These methods can help to avoid structures such as blood vessels and minimise direct nerve damage during needle placement, reducing the chance of procedure-related complications. This review will discuss the most pertinent research in the veterinary literature where objective methods of nerve location have been used to perform peripheral nerve blocks in horses. The efficacy of using objective methods to perform nerve blocks in equine anaesthesia is discussed by the authors, providing useful information to equine anaesthetists, and potentially improve the quality of anaesthesia and analgesia in horses.

EVE Clinical CommentaryThe case report by describes an interesting case of rib fracture in a race horse with an attributable hindlimb lameness. This case is the first to suggest that caudal rib fractures are a cause of hindlimb lameness and peri regional diagnostic analgesia of a rib fracture can be used to alleviate hindlimb lameness.A recent retrospective study reported 73 horses diagnosed with a rib fracture of which 56% (41/73) presented due to poor performance with a fewer number of horses presenting with lameness as a primary complaint (21/73). Undoubtedly rib fractures are painful in the acute stages of injury, with the most common site for rib fracture in a horse being dorsally (5-15cm from the costovertebral junction) on the 18th rib (Hall et. al. 2022). In this study, not all horses with caudal rib fractures were found to have lameness those that were lame had a variable pattern of lameness. All of the horses which underwent diagnostic analgesia were found to have lameness independent to the rib fracture. However only a small percentage of horses underwent diagnostic analgesia, a limitation of a retrospective study.An alternative retrospective case series of 50 rib fractures reported 5 fractures of the first rib which all occurred in racing thoroughbreds (age 2-7 years with a median age of 3), all of which had ipsilateral forelimb lameness. In the absence of a traumatic incident the authors suggested that fractures of the 1st rib may represent fatigue fracture pathology associated with training. A similar aetiology is possible for caudal rib fractures but is considered unlikely as this injury is not over represented in racing Thoroughbreds compared with a general population of horses and trauma remains the most likely cause.Ribs can be imaged in detail with nuclear scintigraphy given the relatively small amount of overlying soft tissue. Orthogonal images (lateral, dorsal and oblique) should be used to localise region, extent, pattern and origin of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake. Nuclear scintigraphy is highly sensitive in identifying osteoblastic activity but has low specificity for identifying the nature of the pathological process. Fractures show increased radiopharmaceutical uptake within 24-72 hours post injury, making nuclear scintigraphy highly sensitive in the acute stage of disease verses radiographic signs which may not be seen for around 7-10 days unless the fracture is displaced. The appearance of a fracture on nuclear scintigraphy includes 5-7 days of diffuse intense uptake, 1-4 weeks of focal intense uptake (figure 1.) and then a gradual decrease of radiopharmaceutical uptake over the next 6-12 months. This prolonged visibility on scintigraphy means that is difficult to age a fracture based on scintigraphy alone. Ultrasonography is potentially more suitable to monitor fracture healing and identify those cases which are non-healing and requiring intervention. Costochondral junctions normally have a moderate increased radiopharmaceutical uptake on nuclear scintigraphy and should not be mistaken for a rib fracture (figure 1.). The caudal ribs overly the kidney (figure 1.) but in most instances have a mild to moderate diffuse region of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake. The use of furosemide one hour before imaging has been advocated to improve soft tissue clearance and improve image count to background ratio. This was evaluated in a recent study where 1mg/kg furosemides was administered intravenously 1 h post 99m Tc-HDP administration and the image quality was assessed subjectively and semi-quantitively. There was no significant difference in image quality or radiation dose rate to handler, with a minimum distance of 30cm distance having the most effect on reducing handler dose rate by 65% .Ultrasonographic examination is highly sensitive and specific in identifying rib fractures (Hall et. al. 2022). If a rib fracture is suspected in the initial stages of examination, then survey ultrasonographic examination of the ribs is recommended, especially the caudal ribs. However, rib fractures rarely result in focal localising pain on palpation and so even a detailed clinical examination may be unrewarding. Ultrasonography of the ribs is a simple technique; clipping isn’t required and discontinuity and callus within the lateral cortex of the ribs is easy to identify (Figure 2) but should not be confused with the costochondral junction (figures 3 and 4). The costochondral junction is identified by the presence of hypoechoic cartilage and it should be noted that the margins of adjacent ribs are normally irregular at this site. In contrast, a rib fracture does not contain hypoechoic cartilage, though the rib margins are likely to be irregular and commonly periosteal new bone may be seen.In this case of hindlimb lameness due to fracture of the 18th rib , the horse took 12 months to recover and resume ridden exercise with conservative therapy. Ultrasonographic examination can monitor fracture healing and is useful in identifying non-healing fractures which may represent surgical candidates. Hall and colleagues (2022) reported six horses which underwent surgery due to failed initial conservative management which resulted in continued fracture instability, callus at the fracture site or fracture displacement causing impingement on adjacent ribs. One horse which underwent wedge ostectomy and internal fixation with a locking compression plate returned to its previous level of exercise. All other surgically managed cases (5/73) underwent partial rib resection. Most horses in this study were managed conservatively (67/73). Given the very small number of surgically managed cases it is not possible to determine if fracture healing or outcome would have been improved if surgical intervention had been performed in more cases.Peri-regional analgesia of a rib fracture is commonly used in human medicine as a therapeutic aid and is easy to perform in the horse. In this instance the ipsilateral hindlimb lameness was partially alleviated by this technique in the acute stage of lameness and completely abolished in the chronic stage of lameness. Perineural analgesia can result in increased radiopharmaceutical uptake within the soft tissues on bone phase scintigraphy, up to 7 days post blocking , with 50% of horses having uptake at the site of a tibial perineural injection one day post injection, 25% of horses at the block site 3 days post injection and 1 horse with increased radiopharmaceutical uptake 7 days post injection. An appropriate washout period is recommended prior to scintigraphy if perineural analgesia has been performed to prevent false positive results.Although rib fractures are largely under reported in adult horses this case report and recent retrospective studies confirm they should be considered a differential diagnosis for cases of poor performance and both fore and hind limb lameness. Diagnostic analgesia could be used to determine significance of the rib fracture in cases of hind limb lameness.

Anthropogenic pressures on nature have been causing population declines for centuries. Intensified persecution of apex predators, like the golden eagle, resulted in population bottlenecks during the 19th-20th centuries. To study population genetics and demographic history of the golden eagle throughout its distribution, we collected museum samples from previously underrepresented regions, such as Russia and Central Asia. We used 12 microsatellite loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region to re-evaluate phylogeography of Eurasian golden eagles and study the impacts of the population bottleneck. Our results revealed a north-south genetic gradient, expressed by the difference of Mediterranean and Holarctic lineages, as well as genetically distinct Northern Europe and Central Asia and Caucasus regions. Furthermore, Northern Europe exhibited the lowest, whereas Central Asia and Caucasus had the highest genetic diversity. Although golden eagles maintained relatively high genetic diversity, we detected genetic signatures of the recent bottleneck, including reduced genetic diversity and a decline in the effective female population size around the year 1975. Our study improves the knowledge of the genetic composition of Eurasian golden eagles and highlights the importance of understanding their historical population dynamics in the face of ongoing and future conservation efforts.

Genomes from yeast to human are subject to pervasive transcription. A single round of pervasive transcription is sufficient to alter local chromatin conformation, nucleosome dynamics and gene expression, but experimentally is can be hard to distinguish from background signals. Size selected native elongating transcript sequencing (ssNET-Seq) was developed to precisely map transcription units (TU) independent of expression levels. RNAPII-associated nascent transcripts are fractionation into different size ranges before library construction. When anchored to the transcription start sites (TSS) of annotated genes, the combined pattern of the output metagenes define the expected reference pattern for a TU. Bioinformatic pattern matching to the reference identified 9542 TU in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of which 47% are coding and 53% are non-coding. 3113 (33%) are newly identified unannotated non-coding TU. Anchoring all TU to the TSS or polyadenylation site (PAS) of annotated coding regions reveals distinctive architectures of linked pairs of divergent TU approximately 200nt apart. The Reb1 transcription factor is enriched 30nt downstream of the PAS only when an upstream (TSS-60nt) non-coding TU co-occurs with a downstream (TSS+150nt) coding TU and supports nucleosome depletion in the generation of the pervasive nascent transcriptome. The potential for extensive transcriptional interference is evident from low abundance unannotated TUs with variable TSS (median-240nt) initiating within a 500nt window upstream of, and transcribing over, the promoters of protein coding genes. This study confirms a highly interleaved yeast genome with different types of transcription units altering the chromatin landscape in distinctive ways, with the potential to exert extensive regulatory control.

With continued global warming, plants are forecast to increasingly experience abiotic stress(es). Stomata on leaf surfaces are the gatekeepers to plant interiors, regulating gaseous exchanges that are crucial for both photosynthesis and outward water release. To optimise future productivity, accurate modelling of how stomata govern plant-environment interactions will be crucial. Here, we synergise optical and thermal imaging data to enhance transpiration modelling during water and/or nitrogen stress. By utilising hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression analysis of six plant traits and fluxes in wheat ( Triticum aestivum), we have developed a new spectral vegetation index; the combined nitrogen and drought index (CNDI), which can be used to detect both water stress and/or nitrogen deficiency. Upon full stomatal closure during drought, CNDI reduces as leaf biochemistry changes unfold, and during a combined stress experiment (drought and nitrogen deficiency), this is reflected in CNDI showing a strong relationship with leaf relative water content ( r2 = 0.70). By incorporating CNDI transformed with a sigmoid function into thermal-based transpiration modelling, we have increased the accuracy of modelling water fluxes during abiotic stress. If employed using future remote sensing technologies, our findings have the potential to markedly improve agricultural water usage and yields.

The asymmetric hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes provides an efficient method for the synthesis of optically active cyclic secondary amines. In this paper, we described an asymmetric hydrogenation of phenanthridines using a chiral mono-alkene-derived borane. A variety of dihydrophenanthridines were furnished in high yields with up to 93% ee. The current catalytic system was very sensitive for the steric hindrance of phenanthridines. Bulky substituents at one phenyl group of phenanthridines were required to obtain the high enantioselectivity. But large substituents adjacent to the C=N bonds would diminish the reactivity sharply.

Gamete traits can vary widely among species, populations and individuals, influencing fertilisation dynamics and overall reproductive fitness. Sexual selection can play an important role in determining the evolution of gamete traits with local environmental conditions determining the strength and direction of sexual selection. Here we test for signatures of post-mating selection on gamete traits in relation to population density, and possible interactive effects of population density and sperm concentration on sperm motility and fertilisation rates among natural populations of mussels. Our study shows that males from high density populations produce smaller sperm compared with males from low density populations, but we detected no effect of population origin on egg size. Our results also reveal that females from low density populations tended to exhibit lower fertilisation rates across a range of sperm concentrations, although this became less important as sperm concentration increased. Variances in fertilisation success were higher for females than males and the effect of gamete compatibility between males and females increases as sperm concentrations increase. These results suggest that local population density can influence gamete traits and fertilisation dynamics but also highlight the importance of phenotypic plasticity in governing sperm-egg interactions in a highly dynamic selective environment.

During hybrid speciation, homoeologues combine in a single genome. Homoeologue expression bias (HEB) occurs when one homoeologue has higher gene expression than another. HEB has been well characterized in plants but rarely investigated in animals, especially invertebrates. Consequently, we have little idea as to the role that HEB plays in allopolyploid invertebrate genomes. If HEB is constrained by features of the parental genomes, then we predict repeated evolution of similar HEB patterns among hybrid genomes formed from the same parental lineages. To address this, we reconstructed the history of hybridization between the New Zealand stick insect genera Acanthoxyla and Clitarchus using a high-quality genome assembly from Clitarchus hookeri to call variants and phase alleles. These analyses revealed the formation of three independent diploid and triploid hybrid lineages between these genera. RNA sequencing revealed a similar magnitude and direction of HEB among these hybrid lineages, and we observed that many enriched functions and pathways were also shared among lineages, consistent with repeated evolution due to parental genome constraints. In most lineages, a slight majority of the genes involved in mitochondrial function showed HEB towards the maternal homoeologues, consistent with only weak effects of mitonuclear incompatibility. We also observed a proteasome functional enrichment in most lineages and hypothesize this may result from the need to maintain proteostasis in hybrid genomes. Reference bias was a pervasive problem, and we caution against relying on HEB estimates from a single parental reference genome.