This study analyzes the relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, vaginal microecological, and cervical lesions to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer (CC) in the Xinjiang region. qRT-PCR was used for HPV genotyping and viral load.The Gram staining and dry biochemical enzyme kit were utilized to diagnose vaginal secretions.The positive rate of HPV infection and vaginal microecological indicators was compare by χ 2 test. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between vaginal microecological evaluation indicators and HPV infection with the grade of cervical lesions. The HPV infection rate among women in the Xinjiang region is 30.29%, of which single HPV infection accounts for 77%. HPV16 and HPV52 are the main infection types. There are significant differences in the HPV infection rate and infection types among the Han, Uighur, Hui, and Kazakh ethnic groups. The viral load of HPV16 and HPV52 increases with the upgrade of cervical lesions. There are significant differences in vaginal microecological evaluation indicators H 2O 2, SNA, LE, GUS, trichomonas, clue cells, and lactobacilli among different ethnic groups. HPV negative patients with varying grades of cervical lesions exhibit a notable variance in H 2O 2 and LE, which is statistically significant. single HPV infection and high viral load HPV significantly increase the risk of CC. This study indicate that the HPV infection and vaginal microecological are differences among ethnic groups, Which have a strong correlation with the progression of CC, Offering guidance on CC screening and interventions in the Xinjiang area.