Fish communities of streams and rivers might substantially be subsidized by terrestrial insects that fall into the water. Although such animal-mediated fluxes are increasingly recognized, little is known on how anthropogenic perturbations may influence the strength of such exchanges. Intense land-use, such as lignite mining may impact a river ecosystem due to the flocculation of iron (III) oxides, and thus altering food web dynamics. We compared sections of the Spree River in North-East Germany that were greatly influenced by iron oxides with sections located downstream of a dam where passive remediation technologies are applied. Compared to locations downstream of the dam, the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates at locations of high iron concentrations upstream of the dam was significantly reduced. Similarly, catch per unit effort of all fishes was significantly higher in locations downstream of the dam compared to locations upstream of the dam and condition of juvenile and adult piscivorous pike Esox lucius were significantly lower in size in sections of high iron concentrations. Using an estimate of short-term (i.e., metabarcoding of the gut content) as well as longer-term (i.e., hydrogen stable isotopes) resource use, we could demonstrate that two of the three most abundant fish species, perch Perca fluviatilis, and bleak Alburnus alburnus, received higher contributions of terrestrial insects to their diet at locations of high iron concentration. In summary, lotic food webs upstream and downstream of the dam greatly differed in the overall structure with respect to the energy available for the highest tropic levels and the contribution of terrestrial insects to the diet of omnivorous fish. Therefore, human-induced environmental perturbation such as river damming and mining activities represent strong pressures that can alter the flow of energy between aquatic and terrestrial systems, indicating a broad impact on the landscape level.

Wildlife parasite communities are important for an OneHealth approach. The external environment impacts host-associated communities directly and via the hosts. Hosts in poor body condition are more susceptible to infection and parasite mode of transmission will affect occurrence: rural environments with better availability of intermediate hosts favour trophic transmission, while urban environments, often with dense host populations, favour direct transmission. We here study helminth communities within their synanthropic red fox (Vulpes vulpes) hosts (155 intestinal samples) using DNA metabarcoding of multiple marker genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COI). Controlling for sampling bias by incorporating DNA quantity and quality into models, we analysed the effect of environmental (urbanisation, seasonality) and host-intrinsic (weight, age, sex) variables on helminth communities. Helminth diversity was increased in younger hosts, in foxes with lower body weight and in those found in winter and spring. Host intrinsic drivers had smaller effects on the composition of the community, which was impacted by urbanisation, dependent on parasite transmission mode: surprisingly, transmission in two-host lifecycles was more pronounced in urban Berlin than in rural Brandenburg. Our results disagree with the prevailing hypothesis that trophically transmitted helminths are less prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas. Environmental drivers, i.e. urbanisation, affected each helminth species in the community differently, and we cannot generalise from helminth traits to their occurrences in urbanised areas. Finding co-infestations with multiple helminths and high infection intensity associated with poor body condition, however, might be relevant for a OneHealth approach.