The majority of physiologic activities in the brain and associated illnesses include multiple neurotransmitter systems and their dysfunctional consequences, which entails elucidation of the interaction among distinct pathways. In light of recent revaluations in schizophrenia research, this review focuses on the interplay between dysregulations of neurotransmitter systems, including the effects of systemic neuroinflammation and a disruption of Wnt-pathways. This includes a detailed network-circuit illustration centered on dysregulated glutamatergic transmission and NMDA receptor hypofunction explaining the role of dopamine and glutamate, their receptors like D2R, NMDAR, AMPAR, and their agonist/co-agonist, antagonist, along with a synergism of downstream effector molecules like Akt/GSK-3, Wnt/β-catenin, Cytokines, CRP, NF-κB, while simultaneously illuminating involvement of inflammatory, oxidative, and Kyunurenic mechanisms, and their implications towards the progression of schizophrenia. We are for the first time producing a comprehensive list of associated biomarkers with their key roles and features. Schizophrenia is becoming more prevalent in African countries, and existing antipsychotic therapeutic regime provides little assistance, other from being inaccessible, ineffective, and laden with complications. It is critical to focus on traditional knowledge; thus, in the second section, we present a detailed list of 27 African plant species across 23 families, replete with phytocomponents proven effective in in-vivo models and their likely mechanism of action. In essence, the first section of the review presents the underlying mechanism of schizophrenia development via an interactive signaling pathways approach and a list of identified biomarker components, while the second section presents a comprehensive list of African ethnomedicinal plants used in disease management.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological ailment that primarily affects the elderly and necessitates an efficient treatment regimen backed up by extensive care. At the moment, treatment for AD is still in its early stages and is often regarded as insufficient by the medical community, with synthetic medications commonly used that have several side-effects. Consequently, research groups are constantly attempting to improve its early detection, particularly through biomarkers, as well as to find effective complementary and alternative therapies for its management. Medicinal plants have long been used as a source of biomolecules as well as complementary medicines. Africa ranks second among biodiversity hotspots in the world due to geographical variances in distribution and vegetation zones. In comparison to nations like India and China, it is believed that much of its biodiversity remains unexplored, and that it may be home to many previously unknown medicinal plants. This calls for more research on African medicinal herbs and finding a key remedy to treat and manage AD. The major scientific biomedical literature databases viz. PubMed, Scifinder, The Lens, Google Scholar, etc. were accessed and the information available till September 2022 was reviewed, with a focus on documenting such herbs along with their active biomolecules that could lead to noble drugs against AD. Also, the review has looked up on the risk factors prevalent among African communities to have a perspective on how race may affect AD risk and expression.