Using the list of the omega structures based on the The Magnetometers - Ionospheric Radars- Allsky Cameras Large Experiment (MIRACLE) network (Partamies et al. 2017), we obtained a number of important statistical characteristics describing the surface magnetic field. Based on 438 events, typical magnetic variation associated with the passage of the single omega were obtained. The typical variation, obtained using superposed epoch analysis, is associated with a local bending of the western electrojet and statistically confirms the distribution of equivalent ionospheric currents obtained in earlier observations of single omegas. It was found that during low and moderate geomagnetic activity, appearance of the omega structures in the dark morning MLT sector results in twice higher than average dB/dt on the ground surface. Also, the velocity, direction of movement , and area of omega structures were calculated. It is shown that faster and bigger omegas produce larger time derivatives of the ground magnetic field. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in the 03-08 MLT sector, superposed magnetic variations for the arbitrary events of very high time derivatives |dB/dt|>10nT/s, reveal magnetic signatures similar to omegas. Our findings, together with the results described in Apatenkov et al., 2020, emphasize the important role of omega structures in the formation of large geomagnetically induced currents.

Solar Spectrum Prediction for Applications and Modeling (SPAM) – a new empirical model of solar X-Ray, EUV and FUV radiation flux at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. The model is based on 14 years of daily averaged TIMED spacecraft measurements from 2002 to 2016 when the SEE sensors were regularly calibrated. We used a second-order parametrization of the irradiance spectrum by a single parameter – the F10.7 index, which is a reliable and consistently observed measure of solar activity. The SPAM model consists of two submodels for general and specific use. The first is the Solar-SPAM model of the photon energy flux in the first 190 1nm spectral bands, which can be used for a wide range of applications in different fields of research. The second model, Aero-SPAM, is designed specifically for aeronomic research and provides a photon flux for 37 specific wavelength intervals (20 wave bands and 16 separate spectral lines within the range of 5 –105 nm and an additional 121.5 nm Ly-alpha line), that play a major role in the photoionization of atmospheric gas particles. We provide the full set of parameterization coefficients that allows for immediate implementation of the model for research and applications. In addition, we used the Aero-SPAM model to build a ready-to-use numerical application for calculating the photoionization rates of the main atmospheric components N2, O2, O, N and NO with known absorption and ionization cross sections.