The survival of salt marshes, especially facing future sea-level rise, requires the supply of sediment. Sediment can be supplied to salt marshes via two routes: through marsh creeks and over marsh edges. However, the conditions of tides and waves that facilitate sediment import through these two routes remain unclear. To better understand when and how sediment import towards salt marshes occurs, measurements spanning two months were conducted in Paulina Saltmarsh. The results show that the marsh creek and the marsh edge do not import sediment simultaneously. The marsh creek tends to import sediment during neap tides with waves. A small tidal range results in weaker flow during ebb tides, reducing the export of sediment. Strong waves, particularly during this period, enhance the sediment supply from mudflats to the marsh creek. Additionally, waves can directly affect sediment re-suspension in the marsh creek during spring tides when the water level is above the marsh canopy. The marsh edge benefits from contrasting tidal and wave conditions, with sediment imported during spring tides with weak waves. Waves during spring tides re-suspend sediment, impeding the sediment deposition, and thus leading to sediment export over the marsh edge. These results highlight the potential sediment transport routes to marshes under varying conditions, shedding light on their implications for the long-term survival of salt marshes.

The morphodynamic response of the Dutch Wadden Islands to the effects of climate change (e.g. sea level rise) or human interventions (e.g. nourishments) is closely tied to the evolution of the ebb-tidal deltas between them. To understand the fate of these ebb-tidal deltas, we must quantify the behaviour and transport patterns of sediment as it moves across them. In September 2017, 2000 kg of dual signature (fluorescent and ferrimagnetic) sediment tracer was deployed on the seabed at Ameland ebb-tidal delta in the Netherlands. The tracer’s physical characteristics (d50= 285 μm, ρ = 2628 kg/m3) closely matched those of the native sediment to ensure that it was eroded, transported and deposited in a similar manner. The tracer study was complemented by simultaneous measurements of hydrodynamics and suspended sediment at four locations across the ebb-tidal delta. Over the subsequent 41 days, the tracer’s dispersal was monitored via the collection of seabed grab samples and determination of tracer content and particle size within each sample. In addition, high-field magnets mounted on mooring lines 1, 2, and 5 m above the seabed at strategic locations around the deployment site were used to sample tracer particles travelling in suspension. Tracer particles were recovered from over 60 of approximately 200 samples, despite the occurrence of two significant storm events (Hs > 4 m). Although hydrodynamic measurements suggest an eastward tidal residual flow, the spatial pattern of the recovered tracer indicates that transport is highly dispersive, likely due to the storms. Furthermore, the samples recovered from the suspended magnets show an upward fining trend in grain size through the water column. The active sediment tracing approach provides useful insight into sediment transport patterns and sorting processes in energetic coastal environments. The study also demonstrated the potential of dual signature sediment tracers to monitor sand nourishment effectiveness. In particular, the use of magnets proved highly effective at sampling tracer travelling in suspension, enabling both bed load and suspended load transport processes to be investigated. The data obtained through this study will serve as a basis for future numerical model calibration and validation.

Quantifying and characterizing suspended sediment is essential to successful monitoring and management of estuaries and coastal environments. To quantify suspended sediment, optical and acoustic backscatter instruments are often used. Optical backscatter systems are more sensitive to fine particles ($<63 \mu m$) and flocs, whereas acoustic backscatter systems are more responsive to larger sand grains ($>63 \mu m$). It is thus challenging to estimate the relative proportion of sand or mud in environments where both types of sediment are present. The suspended sediment concentration measured by these devices depends on the composition of that sediment, so it is also difficult to measure concentration with a single instrument when the composition varies. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for characterizing the relative proportions of sand and mud in mixed sediment suspensions by comparing the response of simultaneous optical and acoustic measurements. We derive a sediment composition index (SCI) that can be used to directly predict the relative fraction of sand in suspension. Here we verify the theoretical response of these optical and acoustic instruments in laboratory experiments, and successfully apply this approach to field measurements on the ebb-tidal delta of Ameland Inlet in the Netherlands. Increasing sand content decreases SCI, which was verified in laboratory experiments. A reduction in SCI is seen under more energetic conditions when sand resuspension is expected. Conversely, the SCI increases in calmer conditions when sand settles out, leaving behind finer sediment. This approach provides crucial knowledge of suspended sediment composition in mixed sediment environments.

Connectivity provides a framework for analyzing coastal sediment transport pathways, building on conceptual advances in graph theory from other scientific disciplines. Connectivity schematizes sediment pathways as a directed graph (i.e., a set of nodes and links). Existing techniques in graph theory and network analysis provide a low barrier to entry for using connectivity to quantify complex coastal systems, exemplified here using Ameland Inlet in the Netherlands. We divide the study site into geomorphic cells (i.e., nodes), and then quantify sediment transport between these cells (i.e., links) using a numerical model. The system of cells and fluxes between them are then schematized in a network described by an adjacency matrix. Network metrics like link density, asymmetry, and modularity quantify system-wide connectivity. The degree, strength, and centrality of individual nodes identify key locations and pathways through the system. These metrics allow us to address fundamental questions about sediment bypassing of Ameland Inlet and the optimal placement of sand nourishments. Connectivity thus provides a novel and valuable technique for predicting the response of our coasts to climate change and the human adaptations it provokes.