The study of impact craters on Earth has picked up high worldwide consideration, which can be done by studying the ground surface using remote sensing (satellite), geological outcrops, drilling holes and apply small-scale laboratory experiments trying to build the dynamic models of crater formation and by collecting geophysical data. In this work the near- crater sediments at the young Wabar crater field in Saudi Arabia has been investigated using the magnetic, EM, seismic, and GPR methods. The main targets of this research were exploring the possibility of any remnant major pieces of the meteorite, investigate the meteoroid direction, and map the deformation structure associate with the meteorite impact. Our results shows five different magnetic anomaly types and three layers at the subsurface. The maximum deformation due to the impact of the meteorite is about 25 m as shown by both the seismic traveltime tomogram and the 3D GPR model. Transient EM survey confirmed the geometrical characteristics of the major crater and locate a smaller crater (known as Philby-A). The magnetic survey shows no evidence of any major piece of the meteorite, however, it was used to trace ejecta material containing highly dilute magnetic material. The magnetic carrier is most likely spheres of metal incorporated in the black/green glasses. During the expedition, many small pieces of the meteoroid were found and collected for further geochemical analysis. Based on the geophysical findings, the meteorite direction was found to be from north to south.

This study investigates the mineralogical, elemental, and spatial variability from source (proximal) to sink (distal) of Merapi basalt-andesitic stratovolcano (Java, Indonesia) to better constrain volcaniclastic mineral sorting in fluvial, aeolian, and coastal environments. Merapi volcaniclastics are products of an active volcano with an ongoing quadrennial eruption, which can provide insights to constrain Mars’ older and more recent volcaniclastics by focusing on anorthite, albite, and pyroxenes found on Mars’ crust. We collected stream sediment samples across the Opak River that connects Merapi with the Indian Ocean and acquired Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys on Parangkusumo Shoreface and a parabolic coastal sand dune. In addition to grain size separation, all collected samples were subjected to X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to quantify their mineralogical and elemental composition, respectively, like the techniques used by the Curiosity rover on Mars to investigate the geochemistry and mineralogy of geological units in the Gale crater. To interpret the geochemical analysis, we applied multivariate statistical analysis based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering of Principal Component (HCPC). The quantitative assessment shows that the provenance contains pyroclastic materials dominated by plagioclase feldspars (albite and anorthite), followed by pyroxenes (augite and enstatite), similar to the findings of basalt-andesitic minerals on Mars’ Gale and Gusev Crater. Mineral sorting from Merapi volcaniclastics shows a plagioclase feldspar sorting from proximal to the proximal-medial interface, fault-influenced pyroxene sorting from medial to distal, and pyroxene sorting in the aeolian-dominated sedimentary system.