Cases of water related diseases due to metal pollution are increasing over the global. The condition is serious to most of developing countries as a results of industrialization and population growth. Dissolved and particulate trace elements influence drinking water, aquatic ecosystem health and climate change. Mt. Kilimanjaro is one of the sources of water and icon in Africa but miss studies on dissolved and particulate metals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate geochemistry, distribution and yield of dissolved and particulate metals from Mt. Kilimanjaro to Indian Ocean. Surface water was sampled in rainy season and analyzed by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in State Key Laboratory of Estuaries and Coastal Research. Health assessment revealed that level of Aluminium, iron, vanadium and Manganese in some stations were above recommended level, that can pose health impact to human and aquatic ecosystem. Correlation of Cobalt, Copper, Manganese and Vanadium with dissolved silicate, sulphate, calcium and dissolved organic carbon indicates that these elements were predominantly found in silicate, sulphide, carbonate and organic bounds. Positive relation between magnetic susceptibility with Copper and zinc reflects that magnetic susceptibility can be used as indicator of Copper and Zinc pollution. Rock weathering and anthropogenic activities were main sources of metals whereas redox reactions, pH, temperature and dissolved organic carbon were some of biogeochemical factors influencing level of metals. The basin transported more elements in particulate than dissolved form. Yield from Pangani River to Indian Ocean was lower than most of other rivers in East Africa.

Based on 16-year MODIS-Aqua (MODISA) satellite products, a new method is used to derive vertical Chl distributions in the equatorial and North Indian Oceans. The Chl seasonal and interannual variabilities are examined. The Bay of Bengal (BoB) experiences summer surface Chl (SChl) increases in the areas south and east of Sri Lanka, and SChl increases in the southwestern bay during the winter monsoon. The SChl high in the Sri Lanka Dome (SLD) exists as an annual feature along the time series. SeasonalSChl variance is characterized by a distinct vertical evolution of the mixed layer depth (MLD), with the SChl increase appearing with a shallow MLD in the SLD, while SChl increase with MLD deepens in the southwestern bay in winter. The less productive southern equatorial region explains most of the interannual anomalies with diploe structures present in both the physical fields and Chl. We observed a close correlation between the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the physical field anomalies, such that the wind stress curl is positively correlated with IOD in the easternequatorial India Oceanand negatively correlated in the south, with the opposite pattern observed in sea surface height (SSH) with IOD. Both surface and subsurface Chl anomalies are closely related to IOD, suggesting the bottom-up transition of thermocline feedback to biology under the remote and local influence of IOD. The advent of depth-resolved satellite Chl improves the understanding of the Chl response to changes in the environment under potential climatic feedbacks in the North Indian Ocean.

Quantitative knowledge about the burial of sedimentary components at the seafloor has wide-ranging implications in ocean science, from global climate to continental weathering. The use of 230 Th-normalized fluxes reduces uncertainties that many prior studies faced by accounting for the effects of sediment redistribution by bottom currents and minimizing the impact of age model uncertainty. Here we employ a recently compiled global dataset of 230 Th-normalized fluxes with an updated database of seafloor surface sediment composition to derive global maps of the burial flux of calcium carbonate, biogenic opal, total organic carbon (TOC), non-biogenic material, iron, mercury, and excess barium (Baxs). The spatial patterns of burial of the major components are mainly consistent with prior work, but the new quantitative estimates allow evaluations of global deep-sea burial. Our integrated deep-sea burial fluxes are 136 Tg C/yr CaCO3, 153 Tg Si/yr opal, 20Tg C/yr TOC, 220 Mg Hg/yr, and 2.6 Tg Baxs/yr. Sedimentary Fe fluxes reflect a mixture of sources including lithogenic material, hydrothermal inputs and authigenic phases. The fluxes of some commonly used paleo-productivity proxies (TOC, biogenic opal, and Baxs) are not well-correlated geographically with satellite-based productivity estimates. Our new compilation of sedimentary fluxes provides more detailed information on burial fluxes, which should lead to improvements in the understanding of how preservation affects these paleoproxies.