Cancer has become a global public health problem and its harmful effects have received widespread attention. Conventional treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and other techniques are applicable to clinical practice, but new drugs are constantly being developed and other therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy are being applied. In addition to studying the effects on individual tumor cells, it is important to explore the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor cell development since tumor cells do not exist alone but in the tumor microenvironment. In the TME, tumor cells are interconnected with other stromal cells and influence each other, among which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most numerous immune cells. At the same time, it was found that cancer cells have different levels of autophagy from normal cells. In cancer therapy, the occurrence of autophagy plays an important role in promoting tumor cell death or inhibiting tumor cell death, and is closely related to the environment. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and tumor cells is an important breakthrough, providing new perspectives for further research on anti-tumor immune mechanisms and understanding the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

The study focused on the impact and action mechanism of different organic selenium products on the bioactivity of two strains of Lactobacillus paracasei. The growth, antioxidant activity, extracellular polysaccharide secretion, quorum sensing and biofilm formation of the strains before and after the addition of organic selenium crude products and three organic selenium standard were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of crude organic selenium had a promoting effect on the growth, antioxidant activity, extracellular polysaccharide, biofilm formation, and AI-2 activity of the strain. The organic selenium standards had a regulatory effect (positive and negative) on biofilm formation and the activity of the QS signal molecule AI-2 in the strain. L-selenocysteine had the strongest regulatory effect, with maximum GIM1.80 biofilm formation when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/ml; L-selenomethionine resulted in the highest activity of the signal molecule AI-2 of GDMCC1.155, when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/ml. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that organic selenium effectively improved the morphology and structure of the bacterial cells of the two strains. Molecular docking revealed that the mechanism by which organic selenium regulates quorum sensing in Lactobacillus was achieved by binding two crucial receptor proteins (histidine protein kinase HKP and periplasmic binding protein LuxP) from specific sites. It provides a new alternative (organic selenium) for regulating the viability and beneficial activity of Lactobacillus paracasei. Significance statement: The study found that organic selenium can both positively and negatively regulate quorum sensing and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus, and the critical concentrations have also been obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that organic selenium can promote the growth, antioxidant activity, and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus by activating quorum sensing, so as to better exert its probiotic properties. Furthermore, the regulating mechanism of organic selenium on the activity of Lactobacillus was revealed. This study provides a new alternative for regulating and stimulating the beneficial activity of probiotics.

Fluoride (F) has been employed worldwide to control dental caries. More recently, it has been suggested that the consumption of low doses of F in the drinking water may reduce blood glucose levels, introducing a new perspective for the use of F for the management of blood glucose. However, the exact mechanism by which F affects blood glucose levels remains largely unexplored. Given that the small gut plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, the aim of this present study was to investigate the proteomic changes induced by low doses of F in the ileum of female non-obese-diabetic (NOD) mice. Forty-two female NOD mice were divided into two groups based on the F concentration in their for 14 weeks: 0 (control) or 10 mg/L. At the end of the experimental period, the ileum was collected for proteomic and Western Blotting analyses. Proteomic analysis indicated an increase in isoforms of actin, gastrotropin (confirmed by Western Blotting), several H2B histones and enzymes involved in antioxidant processes, as well as a decrease in enzymes essential for energy metabolism. In summary, our data indicates an adaptive response of the organism to preserve protein synthesis in the ileum, despite significant alterations in energy metabolism typically induced by F, therefore highlighting the safety of controlled fluoridation in water supplies.

Adiponectin is an antidiabetic endogenous adipokine that have protective role in unfavorable metabolic sequalae arising from obesity. Recent evidence suggests a sinister link between hypoadiponectinemia and development of insulin resistance/ type 2 diabetes (T2D). The insulin sensitizing property of adiponectin is through specific adipoq receptors R1 & R2, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α pathways. AdipoAI is a novel synthetic analogue of endogenous adiponectin with possibly similar pharmacological effects. Thus, there is a need of orally active small molecules that activate Adipoq subunits, and its downstream signaling could ameliorate obesity related type 2 diabetes. This study was aimed to access the effects of AdipoAI on obesity and T2D. Through in-vitro and in-vivo analyses, we investigated the anti-diabetic potentials of AdipoAI and compared it with AdipoRON, another orally active adiponectin receptors agonist. Our results showed that In-vitro treatment of AdipoAI (0-5µM) increased adiponectin receptor subunits AdipoR1/R2 with increase in AMPK and APPL1 protein expression in C2C12 myotubes. Similarly, in-vivo, oral administration of AdipoAI (25 mg/kg) observed similar effects as that of AdipoRON (50 mg/kg) with improved control of blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice models. Further, AdipoAI significantly reduced epididymal fat content with decrease in inflammatory markers and increase in PPAR-a and AMPK levels and exhibited hepatoprotective effects in liver. Further, AdipoAI and AdipoRON also observed similar results in adipose tissue. Thus, our results suggest that low doses of orally active small molecule agonist of adiponectin AdipoAI can be a promising therapeutic target for obesity and T2D.

PD-1 and CTLA-4 can play an important role in addressing the issue of autoimmune diseases. PD-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on T, B, and Dentric cells. This molecule functions as a checkpoint in T cell proliferation. Ligation of PD-1 with its ligands stimulates the production of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-12 as well as other cytokines, which can inhibit cell proliferation and inflammation. Today, scientists attempt to protect against autoimmune diseases by PD-1 inhibitory signals. In this review, we discuss the structure, expression, and signaling pathway of PD-1. In addition, we discuss the importance of PD-1 in regulating several autoimmune diseases, reflecting how manipulating this molecule can be an effective method in the immunotherapy of some autoimmune diseases.

AIM Cachexia is characterized by losses in lean body mass and its progression results in worsened quality of life and exacerbated outcomes in cancer patients. However, the role and impact of fibrosis during the early stages and development of cachexia in under-investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine if fibrosis occurs during cachexia development, and to evaluate this in both sexes. Methods Female and male C57BL6/J mice were injected with PBS or Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) at 8‐week of age and tumors were allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks. 3wk and 4wk female tumor‐bearing mice displayed a dichotomy in tumor growth and were reassigned to high tumor (HT) and low tumor (LT) groups. In vitro analyses were also performed on co-cultured C2C12 and 3T3 exposed to LLC conditioned media. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR analysis were used to investigate fibrosis and fibrosis related signaling in skeletal muscle. Results Collagen deposition in skeletal muscle was increased in the 1wk, LT and HT groups in female mice. However, collagen deposition was only increased in the 4wk group in male mice. In general female mice displayed earlier alterations in ECM related genes beginning at 1 wk post-LLC injection. Whereas this was not seen in males. Conclusions While overall tumor burden is tightly correlated to cachexia development in both sexes, fibrotic development is not. Male mice did not exhibit early-stage alterations in ECM related genes contrary to what was noted in female mice.