Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BBTD), a classical compound of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been clinically used for hypertension treatment. There are so many components in this formula that it is necessary to explore whether each component plays a positiverole in anti-hypertension treatment. After hypertension models were established with high-fat diet for 6 weeks, rats in each group were treated with full prescription, no principle prescription, no ministerial prescription and no adjuvant prescription for 6 weeks respectively. It was found that BBTD was effective in reducing body weight gain, decreasing serum TG and T-CHO, as well as lowering diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Total 28 metabolites in model rats were identified to be different from that of control group, which focusing on 12 important metabolic pathways: (a) Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, (b) Linoleic acid metabolism, (c) Starch and sucrose metabolism, etc. Eight different metabolites (Talose, Oleic acid, L-Proline, etc) were identified between the full prescription group and the model group, which are mainly involved in 4 metabolic pathways (Arginine and proline metabolism, Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis). Furthermore, it also indicated that the principle drugs ie. Pinellia ternata and Gastrodia elata was better than the other drug treatment. In a word, BBTD has a therapeutic effect on hypertension in rats, and Pinellia ternata and Gastrodia elata play an important role in the treatment. The study provides theoretical basis for further optimization of BBTD formula.