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Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza A subtypes in Europe: results from the 2021–22 I-MOVE primary care multicentre study
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  • Esther Kissling,
  • Francisco Pozo,
  • Iván Martínez-Baz,
  • Silke Buda,
  • Ana-Maria Vilcu,
  • Lisa Domegan,
  • Clara Mazagatos Ateca,
  • Frederika Dijkstra,
  • Neus Latorre-Margalef,
  • Sanja Kurečić Filipovićović,
  • Ausenda Machado,
  • Mihaela Lazar,
  • Itziar Casado Buesa,
  • Ralf Dürrwald,
  • Sylvie van der Werf,
  • Joan O'Donnell,
  • Juan Antonio Linares Dopido,
  • Adam Meijer,
  • Maximilian Riess,
  • Vesna Višekruna Vučina,
  • Ana Paula Rodrigues,
  • Maria Elena Mihai,
  • Jesus Castilla,
  • Luise Goerlitz,
  • Alessandra Falchi,
  • Jeff Connell,
  • Daniel Castrillejo,
  • Mariette Hooiveld,
  • AnnaSara Carnahan,
  • Maja Ilić,
  • Raquel Guiomar,
  • Alina-Elena Ivanciuc,
  • Marine Maurel,
  • Ajibola Omokanye,
  • Marta Valenciano
Esther Kissling
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Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Francisco Pozo
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
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Iván Martínez-Baz
. Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA
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Silke Buda
Robert Koch-Institute
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Ana-Maria Vilcu
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM
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Lisa Domegan
Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre
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Clara Mazagatos Ateca
Institute of Health Carlos III
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Frederika Dijkstra
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
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Neus Latorre-Margalef
The Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Sanja Kurečić Filipovićović
Croatian Institute of Public Health
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Ausenda Machado
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge
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Mihaela Lazar
"Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development
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Itziar Casado Buesa
Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA
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Ralf Dürrwald
Robert Koch Institut
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Sylvie van der Werf
Institut Pasteur
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Joan O'Donnell
Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre
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Juan Antonio Linares Dopido
Subdirección de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Servicio Extremeño de Salud
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Adam Meijer
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
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Maximilian Riess
The Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Vesna Višekruna Vučina
Croatian Institute of Public Health
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Ana Paula Rodrigues
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge
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Maria Elena Mihai
"Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development
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Jesus Castilla
Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA
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Luise Goerlitz
Robert Koch Institut
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Alessandra Falchi
Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm
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Jeff Connell
National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin
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Daniel Castrillejo
Servicio de Epidemiología, DGSP, Consejería de Políticas Sociales, Salud Pública y Bienestar Animal
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Mariette Hooiveld
NIVEL
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AnnaSara Carnahan
The Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Maja Ilić
Croatian Institute of Public Health
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Raquel Guiomar
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge
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Alina-Elena Ivanciuc
"Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development
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Marine Maurel
Epiconcept
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Ajibola Omokanye
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
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Marta Valenciano
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Abstract

Background: In 2021–22, influenza A viruses dominated in Europe. The I-MOVE primary care network conducted a multicentre test-negative study to measure influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Methods: Primary care practitioners collected information on patients presenting with acute respiratory infection. Cases were influenza A(H3N2) or A(H1N1)pdm09 RT-PCR positive and controls were influenza virus negative. We calculated VE using logistic regression, adjusting for study site, age, sex, onset date, and presence of chronic conditions. Results: Between week 40 2021 and week 20 2022, we included over 11,000 patients of whom 253 and 1595 were positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), respectively. Overall VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 75% (95%CI: 43–89) and 81% (95%CI: 44–93) among those aged 15–64 years. Overall VE against influenza A(H3N2) was 29% (95%CI: 12–42) and 25% (95%CI: -41–61), 33% (95%CI: 14–49) and 26% (95% CI: -22 to 55) among those aged 0–14, 15–64 and over 65 years, respectively. The A(H3N2) VE among the influenza vaccination target group was 20% (95%CI: -6–39). All 53 sequenced A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses belonged to clade 6B.1A.5a.1. Among 410 sequenced influenza A(H3N2) viruses, all but 8 belonged to clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2. Discussion: Despite antigenic mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains for influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, 2021–22 VE estimates against circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were the highest within the I-MOVE network since the 2009 influenza pandemic. VE against A(H3N2) was lower than A(H1N1)pdm09, but at least one in five individuals vaccinated against influenza were protected against presentation to primary care with laboratory-confirmed influenza.
20 Oct 2022Submitted to Influenza and other respiratory viruses
21 Oct 2022Submission Checks Completed
21 Oct 2022Assigned to Editor
25 Oct 2022Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
25 Oct 20221st Revision Received
27 Oct 2022Submission Checks Completed
27 Oct 2022Assigned to Editor
29 Oct 2022Editorial Decision: Accept