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Increasing Fluctuations and Sensitivity of Arctic Summer Sea-Ice Cover Are Expected With Future Global Warming
  • Anna Poltronieri,
  • Nils Bochow,
  • Martin Rypdal
Anna Poltronieri
UiT Norges arktiske universitet

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Nils Bochow
UiT Norges arktiske universitet,UiT Norges arktiske universitet,Københavns Universitet Niels Bohr Instituttet
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Martin Rypdal
UiT Norges arktiske universitet
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Abstract

Every year, the area of the Arctic sea-ice decreases in the boreal spring and summer and reaches its yearly minimum in the early autumn. The continuous satellite-based time series shows that the September area has decreased from 4.5*10^6 km^2 in 1979, to 2.8*10^6 km^2 in 2020. The decline has been approximately linear in global mean surface temperature, with a rate of loss of 2.7*10^6 km^2 per degree C of global warming. In the CMIP6 ensemble, however, we find that the majority of the models that reach an Arctic sea-ice free state in the SSP585 runs shows an accelerated loss of sea-ice for the last degree of warming compared to the second last degree of warming, which implies an increased sensitivity of the sea-ice to temperature changes. Both in the observational and CMIP6 data, we find that the decline in September sea-ice area is approximately proportional to the area north of which the zonal average temperature in spring and summer is lower than a critical threshold Tc. The Arctic amplification implies that the zonally averaged temperatures increase relative to the global temperatures, and with rates increasing with latitude. Linear extrapolation of the zonally averaged temperatures predicts that, with further warming, the September sea-ice area will depend non-linearly on global temperature, the sensitivity will increase and the September sea-ice area may become less that 1*10^6 km^2 for global warming between 0.9 and 1.6 degrees C above the current temperature. As a result of accelerated sea-ice loss, the average evolution of the sea-ice area among the CMIP6 models before the loss of the summer sea-ice shows an increase in the year-to-year fluctuations in minimum ice cover in the next decade. This implies exceptional accumulation of extreme events with very low or no sea-ice at all even before the final loss of the sea-ice. Likewise, an apparent short-term recovery of the sea-ice loss might be observable due to the increasing fluctuations.