Nigericin is also an ionophore with an overall structure similar to valinomycin, and like valinomycin nigericin is an ionophore for K+, however when accepting the K+ ion, nigericin releases a H+ ion (allowing it to remain uncharged) \cite{ferguson2013}. The net result of nigericin's action is an equalisation of K+ and H+ concentrations between the cell and the periplasm. The net result is a reduction in ΔpH, as K+ is transported out of the cytoplasm, [H+] increases within the cytoplasm to removing ΔpH over the cytoplasmic membrane. When used in combination with valinomycin, the cell has a reduction is ΔpH AND ΔΨ, the nigericin reduces ΔpH, while valinomycin allows a decreases in ΔΨ by providing an alternate route for K+ ions in and out of the cell. The joint effect vastly reduces Δp, in an overall effect similar to CCCP, which also reduced ΔΨ and ΔpH. This can be seen by the t-test performed between +Glucose, +CCCP and +Glucose, +Nigericin, +Valinomycin, which showed no statsically significant difference between the effects of the two experiments on [14C]-isoleucine uptake ( ρ = 0.2146).