In addition to the Abstract which will appear at the beginning of the text the author should provide a graphical abstract (TOC). The TOC graphic should capture the reader's attention and in conjunction with the manuscript title should give the reader a quick visual impression of the essence of the paper. It should be in the form of a structure graph drawing TEM/SEM/AFM micrograph or reaction scheme without any added text. Tables or spectra are not acceptable. Color is encouraged. Type size of labels formulas or numbers within the graphic must be legible. The graphic should be submitted as a separate file in either TIFF JPG Word or Powerpoint format.

The experimental section should provide sufficient detail of the materials methods and equipment to allow repetition of the work elsewhere but should not contain excessive detail of commonly used procedures. Precautions for handling dangerous material or for performing hazardous procedures should be explicitly stated.

There are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. References can be in any style or format as long as the style is consistent. Where applicable author(s) name(s) journal title/book title chapter title/article title year of publication volume number/book chapter and the pagination must be present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference style used by the journal will be applied to the accepted article by Elsevier at the proof stage. Note that missing data will be highlighted at proof stage for the author to correct.