5 Conclusion

Our findings showed how humidity can play an important role in modulating the life history response of hosts and parasitoids to heat waves, through a direct effect on the hosts and an indirect effect on parasitoids. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for humidity in predicting the population dynamics and distribution of species in the context of climate change. Furthermore, we emphasised how interactions between environmental stressors can affect trophic interactions through different pathways, ultimately modulating the interactions between species and their responses to the changing climate. Disentangling the direct and indirect effect of humidity and heat waves will bring us one step closer to the ability of predicting community-level responses to climate change.