Figure 5 Multigroup SEM results showed both larval stage and duration of heat waves directly affected host survival time, and indirectly affected the size of parasitoids through response of host. The direct and indirect effect of larval stage and duration of heat waves on host-parasitoids depended on whether they developed in high humidity (blue) or in low humidity (yellow) levels. Significant paths were denoted with solid arrows whereas nonsignificant paths were denoted as dashed arrows. Standardized coefficients (/ when standard coefficients were unavailable) and significant levels were given on the top or bottom of the arrows. Significant levels: “***” .001 “**” .01 “*” .05 ‘ns.’ This figure showed that both larval stage and duration of heat waves directly affected host survival time, and indirectly affected the size of parasitoids through response of hosts.