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\begin{document}

\title{Why the September 2017 geomagnetic storm was stronger at certain
locations than the famous Halloween event}



\author[1]{Mirjam Kellinsalmi}%
\author[1]{Elena Marshalko}%
\author[1]{Liisa Juusola}%
\author[1]{Ari Viljanen}%
\affil[1]{Finnish Meteorological Institute}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
In this study, we compare two significant geomagnetic storms of the 21st
century: the well-known Halloween geomagnetic storm of 2003 (Kp index 9)
and a somewhat milder storm of September 2017 (Kp 8). Both events caused
exceptionally high values of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) and
earned a place among the top ten with respect to the measured GIC in the
Finnish natural gas pipeline.. We analyze solar wind and geomagnetic
data as well as modeled geoelectric fields during these two events to
better understand the drivers behind these strong GIC. We discover
certain geographic locations that experienced stronger magnetic field
time derivatives during the 2017 storm. This is interesting because in
terms of magnetic indices, the 2017 storm was a weaker event. We use
equivalent currents to get a view of the ionospheric and induced
currents in the Fennoscandian region. We find that the interplay between
different structures of ionospheric currents and the three-dimensional
ground conductivity leads to a complex behaviour of the geoelectric
field. This study improves knowledge in space weather preparedness by
identifying location-specific risks for geoelectric hazards, which can
create severe problems in the high-voltage power grid.%
\end{abstract}%



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