2.7 Statistical analysis
Microsoft Excel 2019 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) was used to record and organize the data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and graphs were generated using Origin 2019b and GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Schematics and typography were created using Adobe Illustrator 2020, and structural equation modeling was conducted using R version 4.3.1. Phenotypic analysis of the root cross-sectional images was performed using Image J software.