2.7 Statistical analysis
Microsoft Excel 2019 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) was
used to record and organize the data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
performed using SPSS 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and graphs were
generated using Origin 2019b and GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software,
Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Schematics and typography were created using
Adobe Illustrator 2020, and structural equation modeling was conducted
using R version 4.3.1. Phenotypic analysis of the root cross-sectional
images was performed using Image J software.