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\begin{document}

\title{Ocean bays surrounded by desert land could support photosynthetic life
on Snowball Earth}



\author[1]{Greta E. M. Shum}%
\author[2]{Marysa M. Laguë}%
\author[1]{Abigail L.S. Swann}%
\author[1]{Cecilia Bitz}%
\author[1]{Edwin D Waddington}%
\author[1]{Stephen G. Warren}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington}%
\affil[2]{University of Utah}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived the Neoproterozoic Snowball
Earth events, indicating that liquid-water refugia existed somewhere on
the surface. We examine the potential for refugia at the coldest time of
a snowball event, before CO\textsubscript{2} had risen and with
high-albedo ice on the frozen ocean, before it became darkened by dust
deposition. We use the Community Earth System Model to simulate a
``modern'' Snowball Earth (i.e., with continents in their current
configuration), in which the ocean surface has frozen to the equator as
``sea glaciers'', hundreds of meters thick, flowing like ice shelves.
Despite global mean surface temperatures below -60\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C, some areas of the
land surface reach above-freezing temperatures because they are darker
than the ice-covered ocean. With low CO\textsubscript{2} (10 ppm) and
land-surface albedo 0.4 (characteristic of bright sand-deserts), 0.1
percent of the land surface could host liquid water seasonally; this
increases to 12 percent for darker land of albedo 0.2, characteristic of
polar deserts. Narrow bays intruding from the ocean to these locations
(such as the modern Red Sea) could provide a water source protected from
sea-glacier invasion, where photosynthetic life could survive. The
abundance of potential refugia increases more strongly in response to
reducing the land albedo than to increasing the CO\textsubscript{2}, for
the same global radiative forcing.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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