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\begin{document}

\title{Statistical Investigation of the Storm Time Plasma Density Strip-like
Bulges at Lower-Mid Latitudes}



\author[1]{Wenyu Du}%
\author[1]{Jiahao Zhong}%
\author[2]{Xin Wan}%
\author[1]{Yongqiang Hao}%
\author[3]{Chao Xiong}%
\author[3]{Hui Wang}%
\author[2]{Jun Cui}%
\author[4]{Yiwen Liu}%
\author[5]{Qiaoling Li}%
\author[6]{Jiawei Kuai}%
\affil[1]{Sun Yat-Sen University}%
\affil[2]{Sun Yat-sen University}%
\affil[3]{Wuhan University}%
\affil[4]{Nanchang University}%
\affil[5]{Unknown}%
\affil[6]{Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The strip-like bulge is a storm-time conjugate ionospheric plasma
density enhancement that extends widely (over 150\selectlanguage{ngerman}° in longitude) in the
zonal dimension but occupies only 1°\textasciitilde{}5° in latitude.
Based on in-situ measurements of 11 low earth orbit (LEO) satellites,
this study statistically investigates the bulge structures of
geomagnetic storms driven by 136 interplanetary coronal mass ejections
(ICMEs) during 2000\textasciitilde{}2021. The statistical results show
that the strip-like bulges are initiated at the end of the storm main
phase and can persist for more than 60 hours. The spatial and temporal
coverage of the strip-like bulge varies from storm to storm. However,
the bulges do exhibit occurrence preferences: stronger storms, the
Asian-Pacific sector (with eastward magnetic declination), the nightside
of the dawn-dusk terminator, and solar minimum periods. A quiet time
density enhancement called midlatitude extra peaks could be recognized
as a precursor of the strip-like bulge. The plasmaspheric compression
shares some similar occurrence features with the strip-like bulge,
indicating a field-aligned downward and cross-L inward intrusion of the
plasmaspheric ions. The local net ion drifts partly support this
scenario with downward/inward being the most dominant but not unique
pattern, other diverse net ion drift configurations exist but their
impact on the strip-like bulges remains unclear.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Statistical Investigation of the Storm Time Plasma Density Strip-like Bulges at Lower-Mid Latitudes.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/754806/articles/724611-statistical-investigation-of-the-storm-time-plasma-density-strip-like-bulges-at-lower-mid-latitudes}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Supporting Information.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/754806/articles/724611-statistical-investigation-of-the-storm-time-plasma-density-strip-like-bulges-at-lower-mid-latitudes}

\selectlanguage{english}
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