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\begin{document}

\title{Convergent evolution on oceanic islands: comparative genomics reveals
species-specific processes in birds}



\author[1]{María Recuerda}%
\author[2]{Julio César  Hernández Montoya}%
\author[1]{Guillermo Blanco}%
\author[3]{Borja Milá}%
\affil[1]{National Museum of Natural Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A. C.,  }%
\affil[3]{Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Understanding the factors driving phenotypic and genomic differentiation
of insular populations is of major interest to gain insight into the
speciation process. Comparing patterns across different insular taxa
subjected to similar selective pressures upon colonizing oceanic islands
provides the opportunity to study parallel evolution and identify shared
patterns in their genomic landscapes of differentiation. We selected
four species of passerine birds (common chaffinch \emph{Fringilla
coelebs/canariensis}, red-billed chough \emph{Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax},
house finch \emph{Haemorhous mexicanus} and dark-eyed/island junco
\emph{Junco hyemalis/insularis}) that have both mainland and insular
populations. For each species, we sequenced whole genomes from mainland
and insular individuals to infer their demographic history, characterize
their genomic differentiation, and identify the factors shaping them. We
estimated the relative (F\textsubscript{ST}) and absolute
(d\textsubscript{xy}) differentiation, nucleotide diversity (\selectlanguage{greek}π\selectlanguage{english}),
Tajima's D, gene density and recombination rate. We also searched for
selective sweeps and chromosomal inversions along the genome. Changes in
body size between island and mainland were consistent with the island
rule. All species shared a marked reduction in effective population size
(N\textsubscript{e}) upon island colonization. We found highly
differentiated genomic regions in all four species, suggesting the role
of selection in island-mainland differentiation, yet the lack of
congruence in the location of these regions indicates that each species
adapted to insular environments differently. Our results suggest that
the genomic mechanisms involved, which include selective sweeps,
chromosomal inversions, and historical factors like recurrent selection,
differ in each species despite the highly conserved structure of avian
genomes and the similar selective factors involved.%
\end{abstract}%



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