REFERENCES
Barve, S., N. D. G. Hagemeyer, R. E. Winter, S. D. Chamberlain, W. D.
Koenig, D. W. Winkler, and E. L. Walters. 2020. Wandering woodpeckers:
foray behavior in a social bird. Ecology 101:e02943.
Cohen, J. E. 1976. Irreproducible results and the breeding of pigs (or
nondegenerate limit random variables in biology). BioScience26:391-394.
Dickinson, J. L., J. Haydock, W. D. Koenig, M. T. Stanback, and F. A.
Pitelka. 1995. Genetic monogamy in single-male groups of acorn
woodpeckers, Melanerpes formicivorus . Molecular Ecology4:765-769.
Eggenberger, F. and G. Polya. 1923. Uber die Statistik verketteter
Vorgang. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik3:279-289.
Hagemeyer, N. D. G., M. B. Pesendorfer, W. D. Koenig, and E. L. Walters.
2023. Investigating the drivers of temporal occupancy-abundance
relationships in a cooperatively breeding bird. Landscape Ecology38:1955-1970.
Haydock, J., W. D. Koenig, and M. T. Stanback. 2001. Shared parentage
and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker.Molecular Ecology 10:1515-1525.
Koenig, W. D., R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, and M. T. Stanback. 1994.
Acorn production by oaks in central coastal California: variation in and
among years. Ecology 75:99-109.
Koenig, W. D. and F. A. Pitelka. 1981. Ecological factors and kin
selection inthe evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Pages
261-280 in R. D. Alexander and D. W. Tinkle, editors. Natural
Selection and Social Behavior. Recent Research and New Theory. Chiron
Press, New York, NY.
Koenig, W. D., F. A. Pitelka, W. J. Carmen, R. L. Mumme, and Stanback.
1992. The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders.Quarterly Review of Biology 67:111-150.
Koenig, W. D. and P. B. Stacey. 1990. Acorn woodpeckers: group-living
and food storage under contrasting ecological conditions. Pages 415-453in P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig, editors. Cooperative Breeding
in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
McMahon, D. E., I. S. Pearse, W. D. Koenig, and E. L. Walters. 2015.
Tree community shifts and acorn woodpecker population increases over
three decades in a California oak woodland. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 45:1113-1120.
Mumme, R. L., W. D. Koenig, and F. A. Pitelka. 1983. Reproductive
competition in the communal acorn woodpecker: sisters destroy each
other’s eggs. Nature 306:583-584.
Pearse, I. S., W. D. Koenig, and J. M. H. Knops. 2014. Cues versus
proximate drivers: testing the mechanism behind masting behavior.Oikos 123:179-184.
Shizuka, D., D. S. Barve, A. E. Johnson, and E. L. Walters. 2022.
Constructing social networks from automated telemetry data: a worked
example using within- and across-group associations in cooperatively
breeding birds. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 13:133-143.
Stacey, P. B. and J. D. Ligon. 1987. Territory quality and dispersal
options in the acorn woodpecker, and a challenge to the
habitat-saturation model of cooperative breeding. American
Naturalist 130:654-676.
Stacey, P. B. and J. D. Ligon. 1991. The benefits-of-philopatry
hypothesis for the evolution of cooperative breeding: variation in
territory quality and group size effects. American Naturalist137:831-846.
Table 1. Proportion of variance explained (adjustedR 2 values) of linear regressions in which the
data consist of all Pearson correlations between N groups/mean
group size and all combinations of length of study (N years = 6
to 51) and year the study started (start year = 1973 to 2018) (totalN = 1,081 study length x start year combinations).