REFERENCES
Barve, S., N. D. G. Hagemeyer, R. E. Winter, S. D. Chamberlain, W. D. Koenig, D. W. Winkler, and E. L. Walters. 2020. Wandering woodpeckers: foray behavior in a social bird. Ecology 101:e02943.
Cohen, J. E. 1976. Irreproducible results and the breeding of pigs (or nondegenerate limit random variables in biology). BioScience26:391-394.
Dickinson, J. L., J. Haydock, W. D. Koenig, M. T. Stanback, and F. A. Pitelka. 1995. Genetic monogamy in single-male groups of acorn woodpeckers, Melanerpes formicivorus . Molecular Ecology4:765-769.
Eggenberger, F. and G. Polya. 1923. Uber die Statistik verketteter Vorgang. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik3:279-289.
Hagemeyer, N. D. G., M. B. Pesendorfer, W. D. Koenig, and E. L. Walters. 2023. Investigating the drivers of temporal occupancy-abundance relationships in a cooperatively breeding bird. Landscape Ecology38:1955-1970.
Haydock, J., W. D. Koenig, and M. T. Stanback. 2001. Shared parentage and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker.Molecular Ecology 10:1515-1525.
Koenig, W. D., R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, and M. T. Stanback. 1994. Acorn production by oaks in central coastal California: variation in and among years. Ecology 75:99-109.
Koenig, W. D. and F. A. Pitelka. 1981. Ecological factors and kin selection inthe evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Pages 261-280 in R. D. Alexander and D. W. Tinkle, editors. Natural Selection and Social Behavior. Recent Research and New Theory. Chiron Press, New York, NY.
Koenig, W. D., F. A. Pitelka, W. J. Carmen, R. L. Mumme, and Stanback. 1992. The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders.Quarterly Review of Biology 67:111-150.
Koenig, W. D. and P. B. Stacey. 1990. Acorn woodpeckers: group-living and food storage under contrasting ecological conditions. Pages 415-453in P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig, editors. Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
McMahon, D. E., I. S. Pearse, W. D. Koenig, and E. L. Walters. 2015. Tree community shifts and acorn woodpecker population increases over three decades in a California oak woodland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45:1113-1120.
Mumme, R. L., W. D. Koenig, and F. A. Pitelka. 1983. Reproductive competition in the communal acorn woodpecker: sisters destroy each other’s eggs. Nature 306:583-584.
Pearse, I. S., W. D. Koenig, and J. M. H. Knops. 2014. Cues versus proximate drivers: testing the mechanism behind masting behavior.Oikos 123:179-184.
Shizuka, D., D. S. Barve, A. E. Johnson, and E. L. Walters. 2022. Constructing social networks from automated telemetry data: a worked example using within- and across-group associations in cooperatively breeding birds. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 13:133-143.
Stacey, P. B. and J. D. Ligon. 1987. Territory quality and dispersal options in the acorn woodpecker, and a challenge to the habitat-saturation model of cooperative breeding. American Naturalist 130:654-676.
Stacey, P. B. and J. D. Ligon. 1991. The benefits-of-philopatry hypothesis for the evolution of cooperative breeding: variation in territory quality and group size effects. American Naturalist137:831-846.
Table 1. Proportion of variance explained (adjustedR 2 values) of linear regressions in which the data consist of all Pearson correlations between N groups/mean group size and all combinations of length of study (N years = 6 to 51) and year the study started (start year = 1973 to 2018) (totalN = 1,081 study length x start year combinations).