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\begin{document}

\title{An Accuracy Assessment of the Surface Reflectance Product from the EMIT Imaging Spectrometer}



\author[1]{Red Willow Coleman}%
\author[1]{David R Thompson}%
\author[1]{Philip G Brodrick}%
\author[2]{Eyal Ben-Dor}%
\author[3]{Evan Cox}%
\author[4,5]{Carlos Pérez García-Pando}%
\author[3]{Todd Hoefen}%
\author[3]{Raymond Kokaly}%
\author[3]{John M Meyer}%
\author[6]{Francisco Ochoa}%
\author[6]{Gregory S Okin}%
\author[2]{Daniela Heller Pearlshtien}%
\author[3]{Gregg Swayze}%
\author[1]{Robert O Green}%
\affil[1]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}%
\affil[2]{Tel Aviv University}%
\affil[3]{United States Geological Survey}%
\affil[4]{Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies}%
\affil[5]{Barcelona Supercomputing Center}%
\affil[6]{University of California Los Angeles}%


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  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Earth surface Mineral dust source InvesTigation (EMIT) is an imaging
spectrometer launched to the International Space Station in July 2022 to
measure the mineral composition of Earth's dust-producing regions. We
present a systematic accuracy assessment of the EMIT surface reflectance
product in two parts. First, we characterize the surface reflectance
product's overall performance using multiple independent vicarious
calibration field experiments with hand-held and automated field
spectrometers. We find that the EMIT surface reflectance product has a
standard error of \selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.0\% in absolute reflectance units for temporally
coincident observations. Discrepancies rise to ±2.7 \% for spectra
acquired at different dates and times of day, which we attribute mainly
to changes in solar geometry. Second, we develop an error budget that
explains the differences between EMIT and in-situ field spectrometer
data. We find that uncertainties in spatial footprints, field
spectroscopy, and the EMIT-reported measurement were sufficient to
explain discrepancies in most cases. Our approach did not detect any
systematic calibration or reflectance errors in the timespan considered.
Together, these findings demonstrate that a space-based imaging
spectrometer can acquire high-quality spectra across a wide range of
observational and atmospheric conditions.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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