References
1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.
2. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):61-73.
3. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009 Sep;27(5):358-68.
4. Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Myers BC, Mi MP. Birth characteristics of premenopausal women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1988 Apr;57(4):437-9.
5. Michels KB, Trichopoulos D, Robins JM, Rosner BA, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, et al. Birthweight as a risk factor for breast cancer. The Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1542-6.
6. Sanderson M, Williams MA, Malone KE, Stanford JL, Emanuel I, White E, et al. Perinatal factors and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1996 Jan;7(1):34-7.
7. Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Lipworth L, Adami HQ, Trichopoulos D. Intrauterine environment and breast cancer risk in women: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jan 1;89(1):71-6.
8. Mellemkjaer L, Olsen ML, Sørensen HT, Thulstrup AM, Olsen J, Olsen JH. Birth weight and risk of early-onset breast cancer (Denmark). Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Feb;14(1):61-4.
9. Park SK, Garcia-Closas M, Lissowska J, Sherman ME, McGlynn KA, Peplonska B, et al. Intrauterine environment and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Poland. Int J Cancer. 2006 Nov 1;119(9):2136-41.
10. Hurley S, Goldberg D, Von Behren J, Quach T, Layefsky M, Reynolds P. Birth size and breast cancer risk among young California-born women. Cancer Causes Control. 2011 Oct;22(10):1461-70.
11. Wu AH, McKean-Cowdin R, Tseng CC. Birth weight and other prenatal factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011 Dec;130(3):917-25.
12. Hajiebrahimi M, Bahmanyar S, Oberg S, Iliadou AN, Cnattingius S. Breast cancer risk in opposite-sexed twins: influence of birth weight and co-twin birth weight. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Dec 4;105(23):1833-6.
13. Stavola BL, Hardy R, Kuh D, Silva IS, Wadsworth M, Swerdlow AJ. Birthweight, childhood growth and risk of breast cancer in a British cohort. Br J Cancer. 2000 Oct;83(7):964-8.
14. Ahlgren M, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Sørensen TI. Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 14;351(16):1619-26.
15. dos Santos Silva I, De Stavola BL, Hardy RJ, Kuh DJ, McCormack VA, Wadsworth ME. Is the association of birth weight with premenopausal breast cancer risk mediated through childhood growth? Br J Cancer. 2004 Aug 2;91(3):519-24.
16. Vatten LJ, Nilsen TI, Tretli S, Trichopoulos D, Romundstad PR. Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: prospective population-based study. Int J Cancer. 2005 Apr 10;114(3):461-4.
17. Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus-Ernstoff L, Palmer JR, Hyer M, Strohsnitter WC, et al. Birth weight and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2006 Jun 5;94(11):1734-7.
18. Lof M, Sandin S, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Weiderpass E. Birth weight in relation to endometrial and breast cancer risks in Swedish women. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;96(1):134-6.
19. Sandvei MS, Lagiou P, Romundstad PR, Trichopoulos D, Vatten LJ. Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: update from a prospective population-based study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015 Jun;30(6):485-92.
20. Xue F, Rosner B, Eliassen H, Michels KB. Body fatness throughout the life course and the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 2016 Aug;45(4):1103-12.
21. Schmid D, Willett WC, Ding M, Michels KB. Maternal and Infant Anthropometric Characteristics and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Daughter. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 13;10(1):2550.
22. Barber LE, Bertrand KA, Rosenberg L, Battaglia TA, Palmer JR. Pre- and perinatal factors and incidence of breast cancer in the Black Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2019 Jan;30(1):87-95.
23. Luo J, Chen X, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Wactawski-Wende J, Vitolins M, et al. Birth weight, weight over the adult life course and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2020 Jul 1;147(1):65-75.
24. Brown LM, Pottern LM, Hoover RN. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer. Cancer Res. 1986 Sep;46(9):4812-6.
25. Akre O, Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO. Testicular nonseminoma and seminoma in relation to perinatal characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Jul 3;88(13):883-9.
26. Møller H, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to prenatal factors: case-control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):904-12.
27. Petridou E, Roukas KI, Dessypris N, Aravantinos G, Bafaloukos D, Efraimidis A, et al. Baldness and other correlates of sex hormones in relation to testicular cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997 Jun 11;71(6):982-5.
28. Wanderås EH, Grotmol T, Fosså SD, Tretli S. Maternal health and pre- and perinatal characteristics in the etiology of testicular cancer: a prospective population- and register-based study on Norwegian males born between 1967 and 1995. Cancer Causes Control. 1998 Oct;9(5):475-86.
29. Richiardi L, Akre O, Bellocco R, Ekbom A. Perinatal determinants of germ-cell testicular cancer in relation to histological subtypes. Br J Cancer. 2002 Aug 27;87(5):545-50.
30. Richiardi L, Askling J, Granath F, Akre O. Body size at birth and adulthood and the risk for germ-cell testicular cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Jul;12(7):669-73.
31. Coupland CA, Forman D, Chilvers CE, Davey G, Pike MC, Oliver RT. Maternal risk factors for testicular cancer: a population-based case-control study (UK). Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Apr;15(3):277-83.
32. Sonke GS, Chang S, Strom SS, Sweeney AM, Annegers JF, Sigurdson AJ. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and testicular cancer: a hospital-based case-control study. Oncol Res. 2007;16(8):383-7.
33. Cook MB, Graubard BI, Rubertone MV, Erickson RL, McGlynn KA. Perinatal factors and the risk of testicular germ cell tumors. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jun 1;122(11):2600-6.
34. Zamir D. Gastroesophageal reflux. European journal of internal medicine. 2005 Oct;16(6):391-401.
35. Spracklen CN, Wallace RB, Sealy-Jefferson S, Robinson JG, Freudenheim JL, Wellons MF, et al. Birth weight and subsequent risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;38(5):538-43.
36. Ahlgren M, Wohlfahrt J, Olsen LW, Sorensen TI, Melbye M. Birth weight and risk of cancer. Cancer. 2007 Jul 15;110(2):412-9.
37. Sekula P, Del Greco MF, Pattaro C, Kottgen A. Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Nov;27(11):3253-65.
38. Sheehan NA, Didelez V. Epidemiology, genetic epidemiology and Mendelian randomisation: more need than ever to attend to detail. Hum Genet. 2020 Jan;139(1):121-36.
39. Bekkering GE, Harris RJ, Thomas S, Mayer AM, Beynon R, Ness AR, et al. How much of the data published in observational studies of the association between diet and prostate or bladder cancer is usable for meta-analysis? Am J Epidemiol. 2008 May 1;167(9):1017-26.
40. Orsini N. From floated to conventional confidence intervals for the relative risks based on published dose-response data. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2010 Apr;98(1):90-3.
41. Smith NR, Jensen BW, Zimmermann E, Gamborg M, Sorensen TI, Baker JL. Associations between birth weight and colon and rectal cancer risk in adulthood. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;42:181-5.
42. McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I, Koupil I, Leon DA, Lithell HO. Birth characteristics and adult cancer incidence: Swedish cohort of over 11,000 men and women. Int J Cancer. 2005 Jul 1;115(4):611-7.
43. Lahmann PH, Wallstrom P, Lissner L, Olsson H, Gullberg B. Measures of birth size in relation to risk of prostate cancer: the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study, Sweden. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2012 Dec;3(6):442-9.
44. Charbel S, Khandwala F, Vaezi MF. The role of esophageal pH monitoring in symptomatic patients on PPI therapy. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2005 Feb;100(2):283-9.
45. Horikoshi M, Beaumont RN, Day FR, Warrington NM, Kooijman MN, Fernandez-Tajes J, et al. Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease. Nature. 2016 Oct 13;538(7624):248-52.
46. Shim SR, Lee J. Dose-response meta-analysis: application and practice using the R software. Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019006.
47. Orsini N, Li R, Wolk A, Khudyakov P, Spiegelman D. Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Jan 1;175(1):66-73.
48. Greenland S. Dose-response and trend analysis in epidemiology: alternatives to categorical analysis. Epidemiology. 1995 Jul;6(4):356-65.
49. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj. 1997 Sep 13;315(7109):629-34.
50. Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Oct;42(5):1497-501.
51. Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018 May;50(5):693-8.
52. Yang TO, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ, Million Women Study C. Birth weight and adult cancer incidence: large prospective study and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2014 Sep;25(9):1836-43.
53. Zhou W, Chen X, Huang H, Liu S, Xie A, Lan L. Birth Weight and Incidence of Breast Cancer: Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Clin Breast Cancer. 2020 Oct;20(5):e555-e68.
54. Park SK, Kang D, McGlynn KA, Garcia-Closas M, Kim Y, Yoo KY, et al. Intrauterine environments and breast cancer risk: meta-analysis and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(1):R8.
55. Xu X, Dailey AB, Peoples-Sheps M, Talbott EO, Li N, Roth J. Birth weight as a risk factor for breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Aug;18(8):1169-78.
56. Michos A, Xue F, Michels KB. Birth weight and the risk of testicular cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 1;121(5):1123-31.
57. Cook MB, Akre O, Forman D, Madigan MP, Richiardi L, McGlynn KA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to the risk of testicular cancer–experiences of the son. Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Dec;39(6):1605-18.
58. Petridou E, Panagiotopoulou K, Katsouyanni K, Spanos E, Trichopoulos D. Tobacco smoking, pregnancy estrogens, and birth weight. Epidemiology. 1990 May;1(3):247-50.
59. Liehr JG. Is estradiol a genotoxic mutagenic carcinogen? Endocr Rev. 2000 Feb;21(1):40-54.
60. Michels KB, Xue F. Role of birthweight in the etiology of breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006 Nov 1;119(9):2007-25.
61. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet. 1993 May 29;341(8857):1392-5.
62. Trichopoulos D. Hypothesis: does breast cancer originate in utero? Lancet. 1990 Apr 21;335(8695):939-40.
63. Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC. Placental estrogen biosynthesis during human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1966 Jul;26(7):751-61.
64. Service RF. New role for estrogen in cancer? Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1631-3.
65. Dontu G, Al-Hajj M, Abdallah WM, Clarke MF, Wicha MS. Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer. Cell Prolif. 2003 Oct;36 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):59-72.
66. Giwercman A, Grindsted J, Hansen B, Jensen OM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular Cancer Risk in Boys With Maldescended Testis: A Cohort Study. Journal of Urology. 1987;138(5):1214-6.
67. Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Pike MC. Risk of testicular cancer in cohort of boys with cryptorchidism. Bmj. 1997 May 24;314(7093):1507-11.
68. Cheng L, Albers P, Berney DM, Feldman DR, Daugaard G, Gilligan T, et al. Testicular cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Oct 5;4(1):29.
69. Shimada M, Kigawa J, Ohishi Y, Yasuda M, Suzuki M, Hiura M, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2009 Jun;113(3):331-4.
70. Silva Idos S, De Stavola B, McCormack V. Birth size and breast cancer risk: re-analysis of individual participant data from 32 studies. PLoS Med. 2008 Sep 30;5(9):e193.