3.4 Inflammatory and oxidative markers
A-A-induced a significant increase in colonic NF-κB and TNF-α compared with the control group as seen in figure 3A and figure 3B . Furthermore, Liraglutide, Sitagliptin, Sulfasalazine, CLS and CSS significantly reduced NF-κB and TNF-α levels as compared to A-A group. However, CLS and CSS produced a more significant reduction of NF-κB level, while CSS showed a more significant reduction of TNF-α level as compared to A-A group.
As regards the oxidative stress marker, MDA level was significantly increased in A-A group in comparison to the control group. Liraglutide, Sitagliptin, CLS and CSS groups had significant lower levels as compared to A-A group with the best results are observed in CLS and CSS groups that showed no significant difference than the control group (Figure 3C and Figure 3D).