Experience on Treating Variations of Facial Nerve in Cochlear
Implant with Endoscopic Assistant of Access to the Round Window
Abstract
Objectives: Cochlear implant is the only solution of profound
sensorineural hearing loss. The round window implant provides minimal
injury to the inner ear, and may preserve the residual hearing, and the
key to insert the electrode array is to expose the round window, but
displaced facial nerve may hinder the visualization of the round window.
The aim of the study was to expose the round window and preserve the
full function of facial nerve with endoscopic assistant. Design: Cases
with variant facial nerve were observed with rigid endoscopy. The
locations of round window were assessed by endoscopy and we performed
retrofacial approach, or using “suspended” facial nerve technology to
expose the round window by shifting the facial nerve posteriorly.
Paticipants: Three cases were collected with variant facial nerve, two
cases performed retrofacial approach, one case performed “suspended”
facial nerve technology. Results: All cases inserted electrode array in
round window and preserve the residual hearing, and none of the cases
suffered facial nerve injury, chorda tympani nerve injury, misplacement
of the electrode array, and other complications. Conclusion: Rigid
endoscopy can provide a clear vision of round window, and assistant the
electric array insertion during cochlear implant surgery.
Keywords
Endoscopic ear surgery, retrofacial approach, round window, facial
nerve, cochlear implant
Keypoints
Cochlear implant through the round window provides minimal injury to the
inner ear and preserve the residual hearing.
The facial nerve variation may hinder the visualization of round window
and leads to misplacement of the electrode array.
The facial nerve monitoring during cochlear implant is necessary,
especially when facial nerve variation is expected.
The facial nerve bone canal can be removed depending on the variation of
facial nerve.
The rigid endoscopy may provide a clear vision of round window, and
guide the electric array insertion during cochlear implant surgery.
Introduction
During cochlear implant surgery, facial nerve is an important anatomic
landmark for visualization of
posterior tympanic approach. In this approach, the facial recess is
opened to get access to the round window through the mastoidotomy. The
electrode array is then placed through the round window into the
cochlear. Round window exposure is a crucial procedure during cochlear
implant, unable to expose the round window may lead to misplacement of
the electrode array, such as eustachian tube and hypotympanum1. However, the facial nerve may have variations,
which may prevent to visualize the round window. These may result in the
chorda
tympani nerve dissection.
Endoscopic ear surgery has been rapidly increased in recent years. It
enlarged surgical view to examine all structures with angled rigid
endoscopy without difficulty. It allowed minimal invasive access to
inspect the hidden recesses 2.
To preserve the full function of facial nerve and chorda tympani nerve,
and place the electrode array, we hypothesize the operation can expose
the round window by rigid endoscopy and avoid excessive dissection of
the mastoid, and assistant to place the electrode array correctly
without complications.
Methods
This study followed clinical practice. Patients were selected during
2018 January to 2020 December in <Blinded for
review>. Three patients were selected from total of 946
patients. All the patients were evaluated preoperatively by CT scan to
comfirm the facial nerve was anteriorly positioned in mastoid segment.
All the patients were assessed by House-Brackmann facial nerve grading
system as grade I.
In surgeries, all patients were underwent cochlear implant. All patients
were accepted facial nerve monitoring during surgery (NIM-Neuro 3.0,
Medtronic, USA), and surgeries were performed using endoscopic
techniques assistant (0° and 30° 3mm diameter endoscope, Karl Storz,
Germany).
Case 1
A 10-months-old boy patient with bilateral profound sensorineural
hearing loss (SNHL) underwent right cochlear implantation. The CT scan
had been estimated preoperatively that mastoid segment of facial nerve
was anteriorly positioned. After mastoidectomy and opened the facial
recess, the facial nerve was prevented to expose the round window. By
reappraised the location of the round window, the endoscopy was used to
observe around corners of the tympanic cavity, and the round window was
visualized via retrofacial approach eventually. The electrode array was
then placed into the round window.
Case 2
A 24-year-old patient with bilateral
profound sensorineural hearing loss
(SNHL) underwent right cochlear implant. The CT scan had been estimated
preoperatively that vertical facial nerve was covered the round window.
The facial nerve was monitored during the surgery. After the facial
recess was opened, the facial nerve and chorda tympani nerve were
skeletonized to exposed the round window. However, the round window
could not be visualized. The round window was then observed with
endoscopy assistant. Although the round window could be observed by
endoscopy, it was too narrow to place the electrode array. Then the
sinus tympani attempted to open by retrofacial approach, until the
variation branch of facial nerve was found to occupied the retrofacial
space. As a result, the bone around the vertical facial nerve was
totally removed and the facial nerve was ‘suspended’. After that, the
‘suspended facial nerve’ was pulled posteriorly to expose the round
window. The electrode array was then fully inserted into the round
window with assistant of endoscopy.
Case 3
A 15-year-old male patient with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome
(LVAS) suffered bilateral mixed hearing loss. The patient underwent
bilateral cochlear implant. The CT scan indicated that the right
vertical facial nerve was anteriorly positioned. The facial nerve was
monitored during the surgery. During implant, the right round window
could not been seen through the facial recess, so the retrofacial
approach was performed to expose the round window. The electrode array
was inserted with assistant of endoscopy guide. The left facial nerve
had no variations. The postoperative CT scan showed full inserted of the
electrode array.
Results
The three cases took the CT scan preoperatively to estimate the facial
nerve position, and all of the patients took the CT scan after the
implant. The CT scan indicates that all three patients were completely
inserted the electrode array into the cochlear. During the surgery, all
three patients could not be visualized the round window by facial
recess. Therefore, two of them were undertook retrofacial approach to
expose the round window, see Figure 1, and one patient slightly move the
facial nerve to visualize the round window, see Figure 2. The electrode
array were placed with assistant of the endoscopy, see Video 1. The
facial nerve were monitored during the surgery, and the function of
facial nerve was preserved, see Figure 3. The LVAS patient took the pure
tone audiometry after three days of implant, which indicated the
residual hearing was preserved, see Figure 4.
Discussion
Cochlear implant is an effective treatment for profound sensorineural
hearing loss (SNHL). Nowadays, many studies have proved round window
approach as the minimal invasive approach and more likely to preserved
the residual
hearing3. The round
window approach avoids drilling on the promontorium tympani, decreases
the acoustic trauma by excessive bone removal or injury of the basilar
membrane4. Besides, the inadequate exposure of the
round window may lead to misplacement of the electrode array1, including the eustachian tube, internal carotid
artery canal, vestibule, internal auditory canal and semicircular canal5. Therefore, the round window visualization is
necessary in cochlear implant.
The facial nerve is a crucial landmark for locate of the round window.
The variations of the facial nerve are common, but most of the
variations barely prevent placement of the electrode array to the round
window. Marchioni et al. 6 studied 296 temporal bones
HRCT and surgically related findings, and reported an incidence of 4.4%
anteriorly positioned facial nerve which may prevent the visualization
of the round window. Also, bifurcations of the facial nerve have been
reported 7, which may leads to injury of the facial
nerve in posterior tympanic approach. As a result, otologists should be
estimate the facial nerve preoperatively by CT scan to avoid any
possible damages. Also, the intraoperative facial nerve monitoring is
necessary when facial nerve variation is predicted
preoperatively8.
The retrofacial approach was first described for cholesteatoma from
sinus tympani 9. Since then, otologists applied
retrofacial approach to expose facial recess when facial nerve was
variated. Rizk et al.10 used retrofacial approach to
get access to the round window for cochlear implant for two children
with aberrant facial nerve. It is now a feasible approach and applied
during cochlear implant 11. In most of the cases,
retrofacial approach helped to visualized the round window and insert
the electrode array directly. Raine et al. 12 reported
five cases of bifurcated facial nerve impeding access to the round
window, and decompressed the nerve sufficiently to complete the
operation. In our study, we confronted bifurcations of facial nerve lies
in the mastoid segment which occupied the retrofacial space. To expose
the round window, we entirely dissected the nerve and operated it as
‘suspended’, inserting the array by shifting the facial nerve.
With the development of endoscopic ear surgery, it is now used widely in
middle ear exploration. The endoscope can get full view of all the
clefts in the middle ear, and may estimate the possibility of round
window implant. Moreover, in this case, we used the endoscope to
assistant of implant as well. In case 2, the microscopy can not provide
full view and expose the round window, so we used endoscopy to guide the
insertion by shifting the facial nerve of the electrode array. On the
other hand, the rigid endoscope can hold the facial nerve posteriorly to
provide space for the cochlear implant.
However, in endoscopic surgery, well-trained assistants are required to
participate in the surgery to hold the endoscope, so the surgeon can use
both hands for cochlear implant. Also, the use of endoscope may
prolonged the time of operation, which may increase the risk of
anesthesia for children with very young age. As a result, skilled
experts are necessary for this kind of cochlear implant.
In summary, endoscopic assistant retrofacial approach provide a clear
vision of round window, and the rigid endoscope can hold up the facial
nerve ‘suspended’ to assistant cochlear implant. However, it requires
technical expertise to perform the surgery and reduce operation time.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Fig1. Retrofacial approach to expose the round window
Fig1A: Preoperative CT scan showed the mastoid segment of facial nerve
may prevent the exposure of the round window. Fig1B: Postoperative CT
scan showed the retrofacial approach to expose the round window, the
facial nerve canal was reserved. Fig1C: The round window was exposed by
retrofacial approach. Red arrow: Facial nerve. Yellow arrow: Retrofacial
approach. Black arrow: Round window.
Fig2. Exposure of the round window by the ‘suspended facial nerve’
Fig2A: Preoperative CT scan showed the mastoid segment of facial nerve
may prevent the exposure of the round window. Fig2B: Postoperative CT
scan showed the facial nerve was pulled posteriorly to expose the round
window. Fig2C: The facial nerve prevent the exposure of round window.
Fig2D: The facial nerve canal was totally removed and the facial nerve
was ‘suspended’, so the round window was visualized by the rigid
endoscopy. Red arrow: Facial nerve. Black arrow: Round window. Blue
arrow: the variation branch of facial nerve which occupied the
retrofacial space.
Fig3. The preservation of function of facial nerve after the surgery
The patient is practicing the air-blowing movement and shuting eyes, the
full function of facial nerve was preserved.
Fig4. Pure tone audiometry for LVAS patient
Fig4A: Pure tone audiometry result before cochlear implant surgery.
Fig4B: Pure tone audiometry result three days after cochlear implant
surgery.
Vid1. The round window was observed by endoscopy, and the electrode
array were placed with assistant of the endoscopy