INTRODUCTION
The prostate gland is a walnut-sized gland situated behind the base of the penis, in front of the rectum, and below the bladder, covering the urethra; it is only found in males, as everybody knows. The prostate gland’s primary function is to produce seminal fluid, a liquid found in sperm that protects, supports, and transports sperm. When a cell divides rapidly even after the signal for cell proliferation has been turned off, a tumour or neoplasm is said to have emerged. Prostate Cancer is what occurs when this happens to the prostate gland (PCa). Prostate cancer is the second most widely diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, after lung cancer, and it is also the leading cause of death in men. While three well-established risk factors have been identified: increasing age, race, and heredity, the factors that decide the risk of developing clinical PCa remain unknown. Greater uptake of prostate cancer screening and dietary intake have been suggested as possible explanations for this geographic variation, but there is currently insufficient evidence to back up these claims. Prostate cancer is predominantly a condition that affects men over the age of 65.,[1] which now is the fifth most common cancer when compared with others’ incidence. Recent studies show that 1 in 350 men under the age of 50 years will be diagnosed with prostate cancer Frequent urination, sluggish or interrupted urine flow, the need to struggle to empty the bladder, the need to urinate regularly at night, blood in the urine, new onset of erectile dysfunction, pain or burning during urination, which is much less normal, discomfort or pain while sitting, caused by an enlarged prostate, and so on are some of the symptoms and signs of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is caused by a combination of factors, the most common of which are age and family background. Familial prostate cancer is a form of prostate cancer that runs in families and accounts for about 20% of all prostate cancers. A combination of common genes and shared environmental or lifestyle factors causes this form of prostate cancer to grow. The most dangerous element is age, which has a direct proportionality. Prostate cancer risk rises with age, particularly after the age of 50. Prostate cancer is diagnosed in approximately 60% of men aged 65 and up. Diabetes mellitus,[2] height, weight, and obesity,[3] smoking habit, physical activity,[4] body mass index (BMI),[5] and vasectomy are among the other factors. Routine examinations, such as a PSA test every 3 to 6 months or a DRE at least once a year, or a prostate biopsy within 6 to 12 months, followed by a biopsy every 2 to 5 years, can help diagnose or prevent prostate cancer. PSA is the most widely used diagnostic test of all of these since the correlation is well established and accepted; that is, it rises with age.[6]
Radical prostatectomy (robotic aided or laparoscopic), radiotherapy (external beam or brachytherapy), androgen therapy, or active monitoring or observation alone are all options for prostate cancer care. Erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, blood loss, infection, and a detrimental effect on quality of life through psychosocial aspects are all common adverse events associated with these procedures (apart from active surveillance). Because of the scarcity of randomised controlled trials in this area, it is generally difficult to say that one treatment is obviously superior to another.[7] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radiation therapy (RT), ablative therapies, chemotherapy, and recently emerging immunotherapies are all nonsurgical treatments for prostate cancer. Depending on the clinical situation, these methods may be used individually or in combination.[8]