Figures Title:
Figure 1: Bacterial population obtained on 4 culture media from(a) non-cropped area (bulk soil- BS) and pooled bacterial population from (b) rhizosphere soil (Loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS) + Strongly adhered rhizospheric soil (SARS)) and(c) root interior (RI) of 3 crops of 5,8 and 20 years fallow field and (d) LARS, SARS, and RI of all three crops of the 3 different fallow period fields. (e) Venn diagram showing common bacterial isolates in the Rhizosphere niches, i.e., LARS, SARS, BS, and endophytic bacteria inside the root (RI), irrespective of fallow periods and crops are grown in the jhum field.
Figure 2. The relative abundance of 14 bacterial phyla based on data derived from the (a) 5, 8, and 20 years jhum fallow cycles’ samples (b) loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS), strongly adhered rhizosphere soil (SARS), root interior (RI) of crops and the Bulk soil (BS) samples. Heat map of OTUs based on decreasing order of abundance of the bacterial phyla in the (c) 5, 8, and 20 years jhum fallow cycles’ samples of rhizosphere niches(d) LARS, SARS, BS and RI of crops samples of differentjhum fallow cycles.
Figure 3 (a) Relative abundance of 11 bacterial genera based on NGS data derived from the 5, 8, and 20 years jhum fallow cycles’ samples of loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS), strongly adhered rhizosphere soil (SARS), root interior (RI) of crops and the BS; (b) Relative abundance of 11 bacterial genera based on NGS data derived from samples of loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS), strongly adhered rhizosphere soil (SARS), root interior (RI) of crops and the BS.
Figure 4. Pearson’s correlation analysis among the top 20 bacterial genera from the loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS), strongly adhered rhizosphere soil (SARS), root interior (RI) of crops, and the BS of 5 (a), 8 (b) , and 20 (c) yearjhum fallow cycle.
Figure 5. Weighted PCoA revealed the clustering based on(a) Loosely adhered rhizosphere soil (LARS), strongly adhered rhizosphere soil (SARS), Root Interior (RI) of crops, and the Bulk soil (BS). Clusters of bulk soil (red dots), LARS (blue dots), SARS (green dots), and RI (orange dots) are highlighted (b) 3 different fallow cycles’ samples of LARS, SARS, RI of crops, and the BS. Yellow dots indicate 5 years fallow periods; Neon green dots indicate 8 years fallow periods; Turquoise dots indicates 20 years fallow periods.
Figure 6. Volatility graph rate of microbial diversity based on Shannon H diversity changes in different rhizosphere niches, root interior, and bulk soil over the length of jhum fallow cycles. Thick lines with error bars represent mean Shannon H (± standard deviation) for LARS, SARS, RI, and BS. Faded “spaghetti” lines represent the longitudinal trajectory for each individual subject. Horizontal lines represent the mean (solid midpoint) and two (dotted line) and three standard deviations from the mean (dashed line) computed across all samples.
Figure 7 : Relative abundance of functional categories (level 3) based on shotgun metagenomics data. Percentage of total sequence reads in rhizosphere niche samples from (a) Bulk soil (b)LARS (c) SARS (d) Root Interior is presented here for the two fallow periods 5 years (indicated by the red color bar) and 20 years (indicated by the yellow color bar) of cropped and non-croppedjhum fields. Corrected P-values were calculated using the Bonferroni approach (P≤ 0.05).
Figure 8: Graph showing (a) percentage of carbon in the different rhizosphere niches and bulk soil with different fallow periods in different crop of jhum field soil (b)percentage of carbon in different fallow periods with rhizosphere niches and bulk soil (c) pH of the soil in different rhizosphere niches along with different fallow periods in the Rice crops(d) pH of the soil in different rhizosphere niches along with different fallow periods in the maize crops (e) pH of the soil in different rhizosphere niches along with different fallow periods in the arahar crops, grown in the jhum field. Error bars indicate standard errors. Significant differences are indicated by ‘*,’ LSD,P ≤ 0.05