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\begin{document}

\title{A new species of Indigofera (Fabaceae) from India}



\author[1]{B. L. Bhellum}%
\author[2]{Rani Magotra}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{University of Jammu}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Indigofera jodhpurense sp. nov. (Fabaceae), which grows in arid places
and wasteland near to the edge of Jodhpur in the direction of Pali,
Rajasthan, India, is described. Although the species is similar to
Indigofera cordifolia and I. jaisalmerica, it differs from these in
having profusely hairy juvenile twigs, various types of trichomes on
leaf surfaces, and sub-sessile flowers, straightened mucro at the tips
of the leaves, and pods that are often single-seeded but can also be
bi-seeded. The current communication includes a key to species, a
comparative morphological analysis, and some photographs.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

\emph{Indigofera} L. (Fabaceae) comprises of 700-800 species ( Schrire
2005, Schrire 2009, Chauhan et al. 2013) confined to tropical and
subtropical regions of the world particularly Asia, Africa, Australia
and new world (Clarke et al. 2015, Wilson and Rowe, 2015). The
predominant centre of diversity of \emph{Indigofera} is considered in
South Africa and Madagascar (Schrire 2005). In India, the genus is
represented by 60 species (Sheetty and Singh 1987, Hajra et al, 1995,
Sanjappa 1995) which includes 23 from Rajasthan (Bhandari 1978) and 17
from Jammu and Kashmir. Schrire (2005) while carried out phylogenetic
analysis of the tribe Indigofereae from Africa and Madagascar,
recognised seven species of and compared with four species of as
accepted by Polhill (1981a, 1981b). Thereafter, phenetic analysis and
pollen features were examined in species of tribe Indigofereae from
Africa and Madagascar (Schrire and Sim 1997). The genus is characterised
by a combination of medifixed, T-shaped hair, pulvinate leaves, axillary
simple racemes, anthers with apiculate connective and flowers with
explosive pollen display (Hutchinson 1964, de Kort and Thijsse 1984,
Lievens, 1992).

Some fascinating specimens were gathered from the wasteland and along
the roadsides of periphery of Jodhpur in 2022 in the direction of Pali
(Rajasthan). On critical examination of the species in the Life Sciences
Lab. of Govt. College for Women, Parade, Jammu and perusal of relevant
floristic literature revealed that the species is quite different from
the so far discovered species of the tribe Indigofereae and yet to be
named on account of trichomes which are of three types on both the
surfaces of leaves, such as such as centrifixed or subcentrifixed,
having two arms (bi-ramous) equally or unequally armed (Lievens, 1992,
Schrire 2005) three (tri-ramous), four arms (tetra-ramous), unequal and
(penta-arms) antler shaped. All these hair type are found in our
specimens but the most common type of the hairs in the
genus\emph{Indigofera} are bi-ramous. The leaves and stem particularly
juvenile twigs are densely pubescent. The number of seeds are strictly
one in \emph{I. jaisalmerica} (Purohit and Kulloli 2021), usually one
per pod but two seeds per pod are also present in the new species.
Furthermore, the seeds are heteromorphic in our specimens when the seeds
per pod is two. Since this specimens are different from the hitherto
known species of \emph{Indigofera} L. Therefore, a new name is proposed
to this species as \emph{Indigofera jodhpurense} . The most closely
allied species to the new species are \emph{I. cordifolia} and \emph{I.
jaisalmerica.} The accuracy of the species has further been verified by
consulting floristic literature (Polhill 1981, Sheetty and Singh 1987,
Sanjappa 1984, 1995, Schrire (2005). Some additional corroboration was
obtained with herbarium specimens kept in different herbaria of the
world. It is further established that the species has gone unreported
probably as a result of close similarity with its allied species in the
field.

\textbf{Material and Methods}

In the late summer of 2022, the field data was gathered by one of the
senior researchers who undertook a field investigation in the vicinity
of Jodhpur along Pali roadsides, wastelands, and they observed
unusual\emph{Indigofera} species. being persuaded of the importance of
the morphology of fruits, flowers, and seeds. The specimens of the
species were gathered from natural populations that were growing along
the roadsides and on wastelands and in arid conditions, at a distance of
around three to five kilometres. The specimens were investigated in the
Life Sciences, Research Lab, Govt. College for Women, Parade, Jammu,
Jammu \& Kashmir conducted research to ascertain the identity of the
species. The closely related species of Jammu \& Kashmir and Rajasthan
were investigated in particular, along with comparative accounts and
other morphological characteristics. The stereomicroscopic studies
showed various characteristics that are impressively unique from those
of the genus \emph{Indigofera} 's previously identified species. The
flower components were boiled in water for a minute to make it easier to
assess their features before the stereoscopic observations. A MagCam -
DC Camera was used in the lab to capture several microphotographs. To
determine its correct identify, the pertinent literature (Polhill 1981a,
Hutchinson 1964, Sharma and Kachroo 1981, Sheetty and Singh 1987,
Philipson 1992, Sanjappa 1995, Wilson and Rowe 2004, 2010, 2015, Purohit
and Kulloli, 2021) was consulted. The following is the recommended
process for creating herbarium sheets (Jain and Rao 1977, Bridson and
Foreman 1999). The following description employs the terminology:
(Stearn 1966, Berger 1972, Hickey1973, and Vogel 1980). The Institute of
Integrative Medicine (IIIM) Jammu, Department of Botany, University of
Jammu has the new species' vouchers on record in its herbaria. Different
herbaria's closely related species were consulted, including the
Department of Botany at the University of Jammu, the Janaki Ammal
Herbarium (RRLH), and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (K) (HBJU). The
Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, often known as RRLH, indexed
in Thiers 2018 is where new species' vouchers are deposited.

\textbf{TAXONOMIC TREATMENT}

\emph{Indigofera jodhpurense} \textbf{------- sp. nov. (Fig. 1--5)}

\textbf{Diagnosis}

A species closely related to \emph{Indigofera cordifolia} and \emph{I.
jaisalmerica} but differing from it by its taller stems (50--80 cm
versus 15--35 and 40--60 cm), stem in cross section 3.2 mm versus 2.2 mm
and 2.7mm), stem (profusely branched at base and lax above versus much
branched at base and above and profusely branched at base and slightly
lax above), trichomes (2--5-ramous versus 2-romous and 5-ramous),
inflorescence (1--6 flowered versus 2--8 and 14--17), flowers (pretty
pinkish-red versus bright red and bright red), legume (1-seeded
occasionally 2-seeded versus 2-seeded occasionally 1-seeded and strictly
1-seeded).

\textbf{Type:} India, district Jodhpur, ca 6 km from Bhagat ki Kothi
towards Pali, 26.205541 N 73.106040 E, 230 m a.s.l., 16 Nov 2022,
Bhellum 16925 (RRLH --).

\textbf{Etymology:} The specific epthet \emph{jodhpurense} is the name
of the district Jodhpur.

\textbf{Description}

Prostrate or ascending annual, 50--80 cm tall herbs. Stem profusely
branched at the base, branches lax above, ca 3.2 mm across. Leaves
leaves simple, alternate, usually ovate or cordate, entire, nerves
obscure, slightly emerginate, mucronate and intermixed with apiculate
mucurate, apex, 6--20 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 5--15 mm, velvety white hairy; hairs centrifixed
or subcentrifixed, or with equal or unequal arms, 2--5 ramous on both
surfaces of leaves, margins hairy; stipule somewhat tri-agular, 1 -- 1.6
mm long, not adnate to petiole, covered with elongate ciliate hairy,
persistent. hairy. Inflorescence 1--6-flowered capitate racemes; bracts
minute, hairy; flowers papilionaceous, pentamerous; pedicel minute,
1--1.5 mm long; calyx 5-lobed, tube short, cup-like, sepals subequal,
narrow, 2.8--3.2 mm long, hairy, hairs spreading, persistent; corolla
pretty, pinkish-red, standard obovate or rounded above, narrow towards
base, longer than width, spathlate, minutely hairy on back, persistent,
wings as long as the keel, adherent to keel; keel gently curved, 1.5-
2.7 mm long, somewhat gibbus, lateral pocket like spur or pouch on outer
side, minute, acute glabrous. Androecium with ten stamens, diadelphous,
(nine stamens fused and the vexillary one slightly shorter, free),
staminal tube ca 2.4 mm long, anthers subglobose with mucro tips,
minutely glandular at apex, basifixed, light yellow. Ovary sessile,
usually one rarely two ovuled, style inflexed, stigma capitate. Pods
dehiscent, densely white appressed hairy, usually globose, 1-seeded,
apex straight, occasionally 2-seeded, oblong, apex slightly angled, soft
septa appears between the seeds; seeds dehiscent, rounded, ellipsoides
or trianguar, pitted, equal or subequal, homomorphic in globose bright
light yellow in 1- seeded per pod, pits smaller and heteromorphic
reddish brown when the pod 2-seeded per pod, pits larger, rarely
mottled.

\textbf{Phenology:} Flowering and fruiting from September to November

\textbf{Habitat and distribution, Ecology and conservation}

\emph{Indigofera jodhpurense} has been found in Jodhpur district of
Rajasthan, India, on sandy and dry places between Bhagat Ki Kothi and
Pali. The species has been found abundantly on grey and reddish soil, in
association of \emph{Acacia modesta} Wall., \emph{Aristida
reducta}Stapf, \emph{Calotropis gigantea} (L.) Dryand.,
\emph{Chenopodium album}L., \emph{Coccinea indica} Wight \& Arn.,
\emph{Dactyloctenium scindicus} Boiss., \emph{Evolvulus alsinoides} L.,
\emph{Euphorbia hirta} L., \emph{E. serpens} Kunth, \emph{Boerhavia
diffusa} L.,\emph{Indigofera linifolia} (L. f.) L., \emph{Ipomoea
pes-tigridis} L.,\emph{Ricinus communis} L., \emph{Tephrosia purpurea}
Pers. Since the species is abundant in the area therefore, no any threat
to this species.

Table 1. The morphological comparison of \emph{Indigofera
jodhpurense}with its closely related I. \emph{cordifolia} and \emph{I.
jaisalmerica.}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Characters} & \textbf{Characters} & Indigofera jodhpurense &
Indigofera jodhpurense & Indigofera cordifolia & Indigofera cordifolia &
Indigofera jaisalmerica & Indigofera jaisalmerica\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Plant size in cm & Plant size in cm & 50~ \selectlanguage{english}80 & & 15 \selectlanguage{english}35 & & 40~ \selectlanguage{english}60
&\tabularnewline
Stem in cross section in mm & Stem in cross section in mm & ca 3.3 & &
ca 2.2 & ca 2.2 & ca 2.8 & ca 2.8\tabularnewline
Leaf size in cm & & 6~ \selectlanguage{english}22 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 5~\selectlanguage{english} \selectlanguage{english}15 & 6~ \selectlanguage{english}22 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 5~\selectlanguage{english} \selectlanguage{english}15 & 5~ \selectlanguage{english}15 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 5~\selectlanguage{english} \selectlanguage{english}12 & 5~
\selectlanguage{english}15 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 5~\selectlanguage{english} \selectlanguage{english}12 & 21~ \selectlanguage{english}30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 8\selectlanguage{english} 20 & 21~ \selectlanguage{english}30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 8\selectlanguage{english} 20\tabularnewline
Leaf apex & & More or less staight mucronate & More or less staight
mucronate & Strongly curved mucronate & Strongly curved mucronate &
Straight, mucronate & Straight, mucronate\tabularnewline
Trichomes on leaf & Trichomes on leaf & 1~ \selectlanguage{english}5- ramous & 1~ \selectlanguage{english}5- ramous &
2-ramous & 2-ramous & 5- ramous & 5- ramous\tabularnewline
Inflorescence & Inflorescence & 1-- 6 flowered raceme & 1-- 6 flowered
raceme & 2 -- 8 flowered spike & 2 -- 8 flowered spike & 14 --17
flowered spike & 14 --17 flowered spike\tabularnewline
Flower colour & Flower colour & Pretty, pinkish-red & Pretty,
pinkish-red & Bright-red & Bright-red & Bright-red &
Bright-red\tabularnewline
Pedicel & & 1 -- 1.5 mm long & 1 -- 1.5 mm long & sessile or 0.2 mm long
& sessile or 0.2 mm long & 0.3 -- 0.6 mm long & 0.3 -- 0.6 mm
long\tabularnewline
Calyx & & Longer or shorter than pods & Longer or shorter than pods & As
long as half the length of pad & As long as half the length of pad &
Longer than the pod & Longer than the pod\tabularnewline
Standard & & 2.2 -- 3.1 mm long & 2.2 -- 3.1 mm long & 2.5 -- 2.9 mm
long & 2.5 -- 2.9 mm long & 1.6 -- 2.0 mm long & 1.6 -- 2.0 mm
long\tabularnewline
Stamens & & 2.0 -- 2.6 mm long & 2.0 -- 2.6 mm long & 1.6 -- 2.0 mm long
& 1.6 -- 2.0 mm long & 1.5 -- 2.0 mm long & 1.5 -- 2.0 mm
long\tabularnewline
Pod shape & Pod shape & Globose rarely oblong & Globose rarely oblong &
Oblong & & Globose &\tabularnewline
Pod apex & & Straight rarely angled & Straight rarely angled & Strongly
curved & Strongly curved & Straight &\tabularnewline
Seed/s number/pod & Seed/s number/pod & 1 occasionally 2 & & 2
occasionally 1 & & Strictly 1 &\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Key to related species with simple leaves of
\emph{Indigofera}L.}

1. + Leaves linear lanceolate
---------------------------------------------

\emph{Indigofera linifolia}

-- Leaves ovate, cordate, or ovate-cordate
------------------------------------------------- 2

2. + Pods usually 2- seeded
---------------{[}----------------------------------------

\emph{I. cordifolia}

-- Pods usually 1-seeded; seeds homomorphic or heteromorphic
---------------------- 3

3.+ Inflorescence 14--17 flowered; trichomes on both surfaces of leaves
5-ramous (antler shaped); Pods strictly with one seed per pod,
homomorphic -------- \emph{I. jaisalmerica}

-- Inflorescence 1--6 flowered; trichomes on both surfaces of leaves 1
--5-ramous; pods usually with one seed per, rarely with two seeds per
pod then seeds are heteromorphic
----------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{I. jodhpurense}

\textbf{Discussion and Conclusion}

A morphological analysis provides evidences that the \emph{Indigofera
jodhpurense} reported here is a new species. It shares a close
relationship with \emph{I. cordifolia} , that has been found in several
Indian states including Rajasthan and \emph{I. jaisalmerica} , which
grows only in the Jaisalmer area of Rajasthan.~Since both of these
species \emph{I. cordifolia} and \emph{I. jaisalmerica} are found in
environments with comparable climatic conditions in the state of
Rajasthan, a detailed analysis of the new species from the Jodhpur
district indicated that it appears to be more prevalent. In terms of
one-seeded legumes, these species are closely related to one
another.\emph{Indigofera jodhpurense} often produces one-seeded legumes,
but\emph{I. jaisalmerica} produces purely one-seeded pods and \emph{I.
jodhpurense} occasionally produces two-seeded legumes. Additionally,
there is a wide range in the number of blooms per inflorescence. Both of
these species of \emph{Indigofera} (\emph{I. jodhpurense} and \emph{I.
jaisalmerica} ) branches have similar, ascending arching, which sets
them apart from \emph{I. cordifolia} which is plageotropical, almost
horizontal branching structure ( Fig. 1 Table 1) contains the additional
information. The vascular bundle layouts of the new species and \emph{I.
cordifolia} seem to be very different from one another (Fig.4). Biramous
hair is indeed a hair pattern that is prevalent in basically
all\emph{Indigofera} species (Gillet 1958). \emph{Indigofera} has also
been found to have various kinds of hairs. Other species with uniseriate
or biseriate have also been found in other old world species (Lieven,
1992) and \emph{I. jodhpurense} has shown comparable results.

\textbf{Authors Contributions}

\textbf{-------------------:}Conceptulization -- lead, Investigation --
lead, Methodology -- equal, Resources -- equal, Validation -- equal,
Writing original draft -- lead, Writing, review and editing --
equal;\textbf{---------------------:}Conceptulization -- supporting,
Investigation -- supporting, Methodology -- equal, Resources -- equal,
Validation -- equal, Writing original draft -- supporting, Writing
review and editing -- equal;\textbf{------------------------ :}
Conceptulization -- supporting, Investigation -- supporting, Methodology
-- equal, Resources -- equal, Validation -- equal, Writing original
draft -- supporting, Writing review and editing -- equal.

\textbf{Data availability statement}

The article present data relevant to current investigation. There is no
additional data available for this paper.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

There is no any potential conflict of interest either financial or
otherwise.

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\begin{figure}[H]
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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-1-of-Indigofera/Figure-1-of-Indigofera}

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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-2-of-Indigofera/Figure-2-of-Indigofera}

\end{center}
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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-3-of-Indigofera/Figure-3-of-Indigofera}

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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Fig-5-of-Indigofera/Fig-5-of-Indigofera}

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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Figure-5-of-Indigofera/Figure-5-of-Indigofera}

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