First author, Publication Year |
Sample size (n) |
Mean
age |
Location |
Gender |
African-African |
Mixed-Minority |
European |
Other |
Education |
Income |
Alford, 2010 |
2,116 |
32.5 |
United States |
53% female |
26% |
NR |
19% |
NR |
55% = low education neighborhoods |
NR |
Amiri, 2014 |
455 |
63.7 |
United States |
49% female |
42% |
3% |
54% |
2% |
13% < high school; 29% = high school;
58% > high school |
NR |
Braunstein, 2008 |
717 |
54.1 |
United States |
50% female |
36% |
0% |
64% |
0% |
30% < high school; 53% = high
school; 84% = some college/college graduate; 33% = beyond college |
60% ≤ $29,000; 40% $30,000-$49,999; 36% $50,000-$74,999; 35% ≥
$75,000 |
Buseh, 2012 |
27 |
47 |
United States |
59% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
90% > high school; 96% = college education;
15% = graduate degree |
$10,000-$19,000, over $70,000, and median
income from $60,000-$69,999 |
Bussey-Jones, 2010 |
801 |
64 |
United States |
43% female |
19% |
0% |
81% |
0% |
15% < high school; 25% = high
school; 32% > high school; 28% = college and beyond |
21% < $20,000; 27% $20,000-40,000; 52% >
$40,000 |
Byrd, 2011 |
583 |
NR |
United States |
62% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
14% < high school; 42.7% = high school; 9.4%
= Associate’s; 25.7% = Bachelor’s; 15.2% = Master’s; 4.4% = doctorate
degree |
NR |
Cottler, 2013 |
5,979 |
42 |
United States |
59% female |
51% |
17% |
22% |
8% |
39% = high school (AA); 20% = high school (White);
10% = high school (Hispanic); 8% = high school (Other) |
NR |
Diaz, 2008 |
200 |
NR |
United States |
42% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
≥ Some college |
NR |
Edwards, 2008 |
140 |
45.6 |
United States |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
32% ≤ high school; 31% = some college; 31% =
college or beyond |
19% < $15,000; 13% $15,000-$24,999;
10% $25,000-$34,999; 16% $35,000-$49,999; 16% $50,000-$69,999;
9% $70,000-$89,999; 10% > $90,000 |
Fagbemiro, 2014 |
80 |
39.5 |
Nigeria |
49% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
NR |
NR |
Gill, 2013 |
91 |
NR |
United Kingdom |
51% female |
25% |
0% |
0% |
75% |
NR |
NR |
Glenn, 2012 |
33 |
51.9 |
United States |
100% female |
24% |
15% |
9% |
52% |
9% < high school; 45.5% = high school;
18% = college graduate; 21% ≥ graduate school |
< $25,000
39%; $25,000-$50,000 12%; $50,000-$75,000 9%; ≥
$75,000 |
Goldenberg, 2010 |
1,193 |
41.5 |
United States |
70% female |
16% |
NR |
76% |
8% |
8% < high school; 20% = high
school; 28% = some college; 44% = college graduate or beyond |
<$20,000-≥ $80,000 |
Gordon, 2018 |
23 |
47 |
United States |
87% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
4% = high school; 35% = some college; 39% = college
graduate; 22% postgraduate |
< $15,000-≥
$75,000 |
Henderson, 2008 |
801 |
64.3 |
United States |
43% female |
22% |
0% |
81% |
0% |
15% = < high school; 25% = high school;
32% = some college; 28% = college graduate |
21% <
$20,000; 27% $20,000-$40,000; 52% >
$40,000 |
Hurtado-de-Mendoza, 2016 |
50 |
51.15 |
United States |
100%
female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
16% = high school; 82% = some
college or beyond |
NR |
Jenkins, 2009 |
38 |
32.75 |
United States |
100% female |
84% |
0% |
13% |
3% |
8% < high school; 24% = high school;
68% > high school |
NR |
Johnson, 2009 |
73 |
50.56 |
United States |
73% female |
35% |
0% |
0% |
65% |
NR |
NR |
Jones, 2017 |
169 |
46.5 |
United States |
NR female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
27% = college degree; 31% = some college; 41% =
high school |
NR |
Kapiriri, 2017 |
10 |
NR |
Canada |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
NR |
NR |
Kennedy, 2011 |
234 |
33.4 |
United States |
73% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
NR |
NR |
Lang, 2013 |
733 |
NR |
United States |
60% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
3.2% < high school; 37.8% = high school;
12.9% some college; 24.9% Bachelor’s degree; 16.4% Master’s degree;
4.9% Doctoral |
NR |
Lemke, 2010 |
49 |
45 |
United States |
71% female |
35% |
16% |
49% |
12% |
11% = < high school; 14% = high school; 31%
= some college; 35% = college graduate; 18% > post
college |
NR |
McDonald, 2012 |
202 |
NR |
United States |
59% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
57% ≥ some college; 43% ≤ high school |
≤
$35,000-> $35,000 |
McDonald, 2012 |
91 |
47 |
United States |
45% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
NR |
NR |
McDonald, 2014 |
1,037 |
42.2 |
United States |
53% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
50% = college graduate; 50% some college |
59% ≤ $35,000; 41% > $35,000 |
Mezuk, 2008 |
1,071 |
60 |
United States |
63% female |
35% |
0% |
62% |
3% |
< high school - ≥ high school |
NR |
Pettey, 2015 |
29 |
49 |
United States |
52% female |
100% |
NR |
NR |
NR |
100% ≤ high school |
FPL |
Ramirez, 2015 |
49 |
47.32 |
United States |
100% female |
18% |
21% |
0% |
61% |
100% ≥ high school (AA); 80% ≥ high school
(Appalachian); 100% ≥ high school (Asian); 100% ≥ high school
(Latina); 100% ≥ high school (Native American) |
≥
$50,000 |
Rodgers, 2018 |
56 |
55 |
United States |
0% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
7% = < high school; 7% = high school;
28.6& = some college; 28.6% = college graduate; 12.5% = graduate
school |
5.4% = < $10,000; 26.8% = $10,000-49,000; 26.8%
= $50,000-$99,000; 19.6% = $100,000-$150,000; 19.6% >
$150,000 |
Sanderson, 2013 |
205 |
NR |
United States |
69% female |
48% |
29% |
10% |
13% |
18% = College or beyond college graduate |
49%
< $20,000 |
Scarinci, 2013 |
87 |
42 |
United States |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
100% = high school |
NR |
Spruill, 2009 |
77 |
54 |
United States |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
95% = college graduate |
NR |
Still, 2014 |
98 |
53 |
United States |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
9% < high school; 40.8% = high school;
50% = some college and beyond |
<
$24,999-$100,000+ |
Streicher, 2011 |
43 |
43 |
United States |
91% female |
47% |
49% |
2% |
2% |
NR |
$20,000-$39,000 |
Sussner, 2009 |
146 |
45.8 |
United States |
100% female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
48% ≤ HS - 98% ≥ HS |
67% ≥ $20,000; 30% ≤
$19,000 |
Walker, 2014 |
140 |
52.5 |
United States |
NR female |
100% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
52% ≥ Bachelor’s degree or higher; 28% = some
college; 20% = high school |
56% middle income |
Yu, 2013 |
41 |
42 |
United States |
71% female |
50% |
NR |
NR |
NR |
76% < Bachelor’s (AA), 24% ≥ Bachelor’s (AA) |
< $4,000 |