Table 2 Study Characteristics: Education and Income Demographics
First author, Publication Year Sample size (n) Mean age Location Gender African-African Mixed-Minority European Other Education Income
Alford, 2010 2,116 32.5 United States 53% female 26% NR 19% NR 55% = low education neighborhoods NR
Amiri, 2014 455 63.7 United States 49% female 42% 3% 54% 2% 13% < high school; 29% = high school; 58% > high school NR
Braunstein, 2008 717 54.1 United States 50% female 36% 0% 64% 0% 30% < high school; 53% = high school; 84% = some college/college graduate; 33% = beyond college 60% ≤ $29,000; 40% $30,000-$49,999; 36% $50,000-$74,999; 35% ≥ $75,000
Buseh, 2012 27 47 United States 59% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 90% > high school; 96% = college education; 15% = graduate degree $10,000-$19,000, over $70,000, and median income from $60,000-$69,999
Bussey-Jones, 2010 801 64 United States 43% female 19% 0% 81% 0% 15% < high school; 25% = high school; 32% > high school; 28% = college and beyond 21% < $20,000; 27% $20,000-40,000; 52% > $40,000
Byrd, 2011 583 NR United States 62% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 14% < high school; 42.7% = high school; 9.4% = Associate’s; 25.7% = Bachelor’s; 15.2% = Master’s; 4.4% = doctorate degree NR
Cottler, 2013 5,979 42 United States 59% female 51% 17% 22% 8% 39% = high school (AA); 20% = high school (White); 10% = high school (Hispanic); 8% = high school (Other) NR
Diaz, 2008 200 NR United States 42% female 100% 0% 0% 0% ≥ Some college NR
Edwards, 2008 140 45.6 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 32% ≤ high school; 31% = some college; 31% = college or beyond 19% < $15,000; 13% $15,000-$24,999; 10% $25,000-$34,999; 16% $35,000-$49,999; 16% $50,000-$69,999; 9% $70,000-$89,999; 10% > $90,000
Fagbemiro, 2014 80 39.5 Nigeria 49% female 100% 0% 0% 0% NR NR
Gill, 2013 91 NR United Kingdom 51% female 25% 0% 0% 75% NR NR
Glenn, 2012 33 51.9 United States 100% female 24% 15% 9% 52% 9% < high school; 45.5% = high school; 18% = college graduate; 21% ≥ graduate school < $25,000 39%; $25,000-$50,000 12%; $50,000-$75,000 9%; ≥ $75,000
Goldenberg, 2010 1,193 41.5 United States 70% female 16% NR 76% 8% 8% < high school; 20% = high school; 28% = some college; 44% = college graduate or beyond <$20,000-≥ $80,000
Gordon, 2018 23 47 United States 87% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 4% = high school; 35% = some college; 39% = college graduate; 22% postgraduate < $15,000-≥ $75,000
Henderson, 2008 801 64.3 United States 43% female 22% 0% 81% 0% 15% = < high school; 25% = high school; 32% = some college; 28% = college graduate 21% < $20,000; 27% $20,000-$40,000; 52% > $40,000
Hurtado-de-Mendoza, 2016 50 51.15 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 16% = high school; 82% = some college or beyond NR
Jenkins, 2009 38 32.75 United States 100% female 84% 0% 13% 3% 8% < high school; 24% = high school; 68% > high school NR
Johnson, 2009 73 50.56 United States 73% female 35% 0% 0% 65% NR NR
Jones, 2017 169 46.5 United States NR female 100% 0% 0% 0% 27% = college degree; 31% = some college; 41% = high school NR
Kapiriri, 2017 10 NR Canada 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% NR NR
Kennedy, 2011 234 33.4 United States 73% female 100% 0% 0% 0% NR NR
Lang, 2013 733 NR United States 60% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 3.2% < high school; 37.8% = high school; 12.9% some college; 24.9% Bachelor’s degree; 16.4% Master’s degree; 4.9% Doctoral NR
Lemke, 2010 49 45 United States 71% female 35% 16% 49% 12% 11% = < high school; 14% = high school; 31% = some college; 35% = college graduate; 18% > post college NR
McDonald, 2012 202 NR United States 59% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 57% ≥ some college; 43% ≤ high school ≤ $35,000-> $35,000
McDonald, 2012 91 47 United States 45% female 100% 0% 0% 0% NR NR
McDonald, 2014 1,037 42.2 United States 53% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 50% = college graduate; 50% some college 59% ≤ $35,000; 41% > $35,000
Mezuk, 2008 1,071 60 United States 63% female 35% 0% 62% 3% < high school - ≥ high school NR
Pettey, 2015 29 49 United States 52% female 100% NR NR NR 100% ≤ high school FPL
Ramirez, 2015 49 47.32 United States 100% female 18% 21% 0% 61% 100% ≥ high school (AA); 80% ≥ high school (Appalachian); 100% ≥ high school (Asian); 100% ≥ high school (Latina); 100% ≥ high school (Native American) ≥ $50,000
Rodgers, 2018 56 55 United States 0% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 7% = < high school; 7% = high school; 28.6& = some college; 28.6% = college graduate; 12.5% = graduate school 5.4% = < $10,000; 26.8% = $10,000-49,000; 26.8% = $50,000-$99,000; 19.6% = $100,000-$150,000; 19.6% > $150,000
Sanderson, 2013 205 NR United States 69% female 48% 29% 10% 13% 18% = College or beyond college graduate 49% < $20,000
Scarinci, 2013 87 42 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 100% = high school NR
Spruill, 2009 77 54 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 95% = college graduate NR
Still, 2014 98 53 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 9% < high school; 40.8% = high school; 50% = some college and beyond < $24,999-$100,000+
Streicher, 2011 43 43 United States 91% female 47% 49% 2% 2% NR $20,000-$39,000
Sussner, 2009 146 45.8 United States 100% female 100% 0% 0% 0% 48% ≤ HS - 98% ≥ HS 67% ≥ $20,000; 30% ≤ $19,000
Walker, 2014 140 52.5 United States NR female 100% 0% 0% 0% 52% ≥ Bachelor’s degree or higher; 28% = some college; 20% = high school 56% middle income
Yu, 2013 41 42 United States 71% female 50% NR NR NR 76% < Bachelor’s (AA), 24% ≥ Bachelor’s (AA) < $4,000