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\begin{document}

\title{West African Monsoon dynamics and its control on stable oxygen isotopic
composition of precipitation in the Late Cenozoic}



\author[1]{DANIEL BOATENG}%
\author[2]{Jeffrey Nii Armah Aryee}%
\author[3]{Michael Baidu}%
\author[4]{Frank Arthur}%
\author[1]{Sebastian Gerhard Mutz}%
\affil[1]{University of Tübingen}%
\affil[2]{Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[3]{Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds}%
\affil[4]{Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This study presents an overview of the Late Cenozoic evolution of the
West African Monsoon (WAM), and the associated changes in atmospheric
dynamics and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18Op). This
evolution is established by using the high-resolution isotope-enabled
GCM ECHAM5-wiso to simulate the climatic responses to paleoenvironmental
changes during the Mid-Holocene (MH), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and
Mid-Pliocene (MP). The simulated responses are compared to a set of GCM
outputs from Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project phase 4 (PMIP4)
to assess the added value of a high resolution and model consistency
across different time periods. Results show WAM magnitudes and pattern
changes that are consistent with PMIP4 models and proxy reconstructions.
ECHAM5-wiso estimates the highest WAM intensification in the MH, with a
precipitation increase of up to 150 mm/month reaching 25\selectlanguage{ngerman}°N during the
monsoon season. The WAM intensification in the MP estimated by
ECHAM5-wiso (up to 80 mm/month) aligns with the mid-range of the PMIP4
estimates, while the LGM dryness magnitude matches most of the models.
Despite an enhanced hydrological cycle in MP, MH simulations indicate a
\textasciitilde{}50\% precipitation increase and a greater northward
extent of WAM than the MP simulations. Strengthened conditions of the
WAM in the MH and MP result from a pronounced meridional temperature
gradient driving low-level westerly, Sahel-Sahara vegetation expansion,
and a northward shift of the Africa Easterly Jet. The simulated \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18Op
values patterns and their relationship with temperature and
precipitation are non-stationarity over time, emphasising the
implications of assuming stationarity in proxy reconstruction transfer
functions.%
\end{abstract}%



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