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\begin{document}

\title{Ecological Marine Units as a Framework for Collaborative Data Science
and Knowledge Discovery}



\author[1]{Dawn Wright}%
\author[2]{Roger Sayre}%
\author[1]{Sean Breyer}%
\author[1]{Kevin Butler}%
\author[1]{Keith VanGraafeiland}%
\author[1]{Mark Costello}%
\author[1]{Kathy Goodin}%
\author[1]{Maria Kavanaugh}%
\author[1]{Noel Cressie}%
\author[1]{Zeenatul Basher}%
\author[1]{Peter Harris}%
\author[1]{John Guinotte}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{US Geological Survey}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 20, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We present a data-derived, ecosystem mapping approach for the global
ocean as commissioned by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and as a
contribution to the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON).
These ecological marine units (EMUs) are comprised of a global point
mesh framework, created from over 52 million points from NOAA's World
Ocean Atlas with a spatial resolution of 1 by 1 degree (~27 x 27 km at
the equator) at 44 varying depths and a temporal resolution that is
currently decadal. Each point carries attributes of chemical and
physical oceanographic structure (temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate) as likely drivers of many marine
ecosystem responses. We used a k-means statistical clustering algorithm
to identify physically distinct, relatively homogenous, volumetric
regions within the water column (the EMUs). Backwards stepwise
discriminant analysis determined if all of six variables contributed
significantly to the clustering, and a pseudo F-statistic gave us an
optimum number of clusters worldwide at 37. A major intent of the EMUs
is to support marine biodiversity conservation assessments, economic
valuation studies of marine ecosystem goods and services, and studies of
ocean acidification and other impacts. As such, they represent a rich
geospatial accounting framework for these types of studies, as well as
for scientific research on species distributions. To further benefit the
community and facilitate collaborate knowledge building, data products
are shared openly and interoperably via
www.esri.com/ecological-marine-units. This includes provision of 3D
point mesh and EMU clusters at the surface, bottom, and within the water
column in varying formats via download, web services or web apps, as
well as generic algorithms and GIS workflows that scale from global to
regional and local. Work is in progress to delineate EMUs at finer
spatial and temporal resolutions and to include ocean currents and
various biodiversity observations. A major aim is for the ocean science
community members to move the research forward with higher-resolution
data from their own field studies or areas of interest, with the
original EMU project team assisting with GIS implementation (especially
via a new online discussion forum), and hosting of additional data
products as needed.%
\end{abstract}%



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