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\begin{document}

\title{Predictive Modeling of Bluebunch Wheatgrass (\emph{Pseudoroegneria
spicata}) Traits Using High Throughput Phenotyping.}



\author[1]{Brittany Johnson}%
\author[1]{Steve Larson}%
\author[1]{Alexander Hernandez}%
\author[1]{Kari Veblen}%
\author[1]{Peter Porter}%
\author[1]{Holden Brecht}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Compositional changes within dryland ecosystems in the Intermountain
West and projected climatic shifts will negatively impact
sagebrush-steppe communities. Restoration of native perennial
bunchgrasses can sustainably increase ecosystem resistance to invasive
plant species and resilience to environmental stress and disturbance.
Bluebunch wheatgrass (\emph{Pseudoroegneria spicata} ) is a native,
perennial grass commonly used for large-scale restoration projects in
the western U.S. Creating and utilizing spatially explicit models of
phenotypic traits of bluebunch wheatgrass will establish consistent
methods for evaluating seedling establishment and plant persistence.
These predictive models will aid in the development of plant materials
used for restoration, assist management practices that decrease the
adverse impact of invasives, and increase ecosystem services of semiarid
rangelands. High throughput phenotyping (HTP) uses an unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) to capture multispectral imagery at incremental periods
throughout the growing season. Images are analyzed for phenotypic traits
associated with seedling establishment and plant persistence. In-field
measurements for phenotypic traits are collected on a random sample of
plots. Data mining and exploration will be done to assess relationships
between imagery and field data, which will be used to construct models
utilizing machine learning algorithms and be validated to determine
error and bias. HTP will improve our understanding of seedling
establishment and plant persistence traits and facilitate the
development of germplasm used to produce plant materials needed for
large-scale restoration projects on public and private lands. The
re-establishment of native bunchgrasses on public lands could increase
vegetative biodiversity within the ecosystem and create more suitable
habitats for ruminants and wildlife.%
\end{abstract}%



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\emph{\textbf{Brittany Johnson\textsuperscript{1}}, Steve
Larson\textsuperscript{1}, Alexander Hernandez\textsuperscript{1}, Kari
Veblen\textsuperscript{1}, Peter Porter\textsuperscript{1},}
\emph{\emph{Holden Brecht}\textsuperscript{1}}

\emph{\textsuperscript{1}Forage and Range Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Logan, Utah, United States of
America}

\emph{\textsuperscript{2}Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United
States of America}

\textbf{ORCiD:} 0009-0009-2919-9061

\textbf{Keywords:} Bluebunch wheatgrass; High throughput
phenotyping;~\emph{Pseudoroegneria spicata;} Spatial modeling; UAV

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