Pollinator visitation
We quantified the rate of pollinator visitation to each of our focal
species using a combination of in-person observations and video.
Observations were conducted between 0900 and 1800 hours during non-rainy
weather. For each observation period, we selected a group of flowers
from 1-3 plants for which we could observe each flower simultaneously.
For S. lycopersicum , this ranged from 4-88 flowers per
observation session, and for C. pepo , 1-5 flowers. For video
observations, GoPro Hero or Hero4 cameras (GoPro, San Mateo, CA) were
stationed 15–45 cm in front of open flowers and recorded videos that
were later scored for visits. Human observations were conducted in
10-minute observation sessions. Video observations ranged in length from
25 to 55 minutes, depending on the camera used. We conducted 3–6
observation sessions weekly for each species when flowers were open for
a total of 405–869 minutes per species per site across the growing
season, for a total of 4170 minutes for S. lycopersicum and 3708
minutes for C. pepo . Because human observations and video
recordings observed different numbers of flowers for different lengths
of time, we standardized our observations to a visitation rate. We
calculated visitation rates for each observation period as the number of
visits per flower per minute. For S. lycopersicum , we considered
a visit to be any instance where a floral visitor landed and remained on
the anther cone of a flower for more than one second, in order to
exclude visitors that were not actually sonicating the flowers. ForC. pepo , we considered a visit to be any instance where a floral
visitor came in contact with the anthers or stigma of a flower. We
identified visitors to the lowest taxonomic level possible in the field
or from video resolution, often to the species level for bumblebees
(Bombus spp.), European honeybees (Apis mellifera ), and
squash bees (Peponapis pruinosa ).