List of abbreviations:
TME, tumor microenvironment
TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
IL-6, interleukin-6
IL-12, interleukin-12
TNF-α, tumor Necrosis Factor-α
IL-10, interleukin-10
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
IL-13, interleukin-13
PD-L1, Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1
PD-L2, Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2
IL-8, interleukin-8
STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
CXCL8, C-X-C motif ligand 8
MMP-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy
Hsp70, heat-shock protein 70
LAMP-2A, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2A
MVBs, multivesicular bodies
IL-1β, interleukin-1β
HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
Th1, T helper 1
CXCL9, C-X-C motif ligand 9
CXCL10, C-X-C motif ligand 10
IL-10, interleukin-10
OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
OSCC, Oral squamous cell carcinoma
GLUT1, Glucose transporter 1
CCL5, C-C chemokine ligand 5
NK, natural killer cell
DC, Dendritic Cells
Mcoln1, mucolipin-1
TFEB, transcription factor EB
TLR2, toll-like receptor 2
NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2
ROS, reactive oxygen species
MPE, malignant pleural effusions
TMZ, temozolomide
ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
FFAs, free fatty acids
IL-33, interleukin-33
ST2, suppressor of tumorigenicity 2
PGE2, prostaglandin E2
Tregs, regulatory cells
IL-17, interleukin-17
GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
GFRA1, Anti-GDNF Family Receptor Alpha 1
GC, gastric cancer
FUT4, fucosyltransferase Ⅳ
EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Gal-1, Galectin 1
HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
PPT1, palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1
PDA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
TRAF2, TNF receptor-associated factor 2
Abstract: Cancer has become a global public health problem and
its harmful effects have received widespread attention. Conventional
treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and other techniques
are applicable to clinical practice, but new drugs are constantly being
developed and other therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy are
being applied. In addition to studying the effects on individual tumor
cells, it is important to explore the role of tumor microenvironment
(TME) on tumor cell development since tumor cells do not exist alone but
in the tumor microenvironment. In the TME, tumor cells are
interconnected with other stromal cells and influence each other, among
which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most numerous immune
cells. At the same time, it was found that cancer cells have different
levels of autophagy from normal cells. In cancer therapy, the occurrence
of autophagy plays an important role in promoting tumor cell death or
inhibiting tumor cell death, and is closely related to the environment.
Therefore, elucidating the regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and
tumor cells is an important breakthrough, providing new perspectives for
further research on anti-tumor immune mechanisms and understanding the
efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Keywords: TME, TAMs, autophagy, immunotherapy, cancer