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\begin{document}

\title{Heat Transfer in Pyroclastic Density Current-Ice Interactions: Insights
from Experimental and Numerical Simulations}



\author[1]{Amelia B Vale}%
\author[1]{Luke T Jenkins}%
\author[1]{Jeremy C Phillips}%
\author[1]{Alison C Rust}%
\author[2,3]{Andrew J Hogg}%
\author[3]{Geoff Kilgour}%
\author[3]{Anya Seward}%
\affil[1]{School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol}%
\affil[2]{School of Mathematics, University of Bristol}%
\affil[3]{GNS Science}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Stratovolcanoes are common globally, with high altitude summit regions
that are often glacier-clad and intersect the seasonal and perennial
snow line. Explosive eruptions from stratovolcanoes can generate
pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). When PDCs are emplaced onto and
propagate over glacierised substrates, melt and steam are generated and
incorporated into the flow, which can cause a transformation from hot,
dry granular flow, to a water-saturated, sediment-laden flow, termed a
lahar. Both PDCs and ice-melt lahars are highly hazardous due to their
high energy during flow and long runout distances. Knowledge of the
physics that underpin these interactions and the transformation to
ice-melt lahar is extremely limited, preventing accurate descriptions
within hazard models. To physically constrain the thermal interactions
we conduct static melting experiments, where a hot granular layer was
emplaced onto an ice substrate. The rate of heat transfer through the
particle layer, melt and steam generation were quantified. Experiments
revealed systematic increases in melt and steam with increasing particle
layer thicknesses and temperatures. We also present a one-dimensional
numerical model for heat transfer, calibrated against experiment data,
capable of accurately predicting temperature and associated melting.
Furthermore, we present similarity solutions for early-time melting
which are used to benchmark our numerical scheme, and to provide rapid
estimates for meltwater flux hydrographs. These data are vital for
predicting melt volume and incorporation into PDCs required to
facilitate the transformation to and evolution of ice-melt lahars.%
\end{abstract}%



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