Study risk of bias assessment
Study quality assessment was performed using the checklists from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).13 Critical Appraisal tools from JBI consist of checklists according to the study design (cohort, cross-sectional, case-control studies, and randomized clinical trials). The JBI critical appraisal tools were recognized as a reliable tool for investigating variations of study.13 The questions for each checklist are presented in a supplementary table.
The same two reviewers independently performed studies quality assessment. The third reviewer resolved disagreements. The guidance to authors determining whether a study is low, moderate, or high quality, is that the systematic reviewers best decide these thresholds themselves.14 For this review, when positive answers were ≤49%, the risk of bias was considered high risk; between 50% and 69%, the risk of bias was considered moderate; and when positive answers were above 70%, the risk of bias was low, according to other studies using the same tool.15