Study risk of bias assessment
Study quality assessment was performed using the checklists from Joanna
Briggs Institute (JBI).13 Critical Appraisal tools
from JBI consist of checklists according to the study design (cohort,
cross-sectional, case-control studies, and randomized clinical trials).
The JBI critical appraisal tools were recognized as a reliable tool for
investigating variations of study.13 The questions for
each checklist are presented in a supplementary table.
The same two reviewers independently performed studies quality
assessment. The third reviewer resolved disagreements. The guidance to
authors determining whether a study is low, moderate, or high quality,
is that the systematic reviewers best decide these thresholds
themselves.14 For this review, when positive answers
were ≤49%, the risk of bias was considered high risk; between 50% and
69%, the risk of bias was considered moderate; and when positive
answers were above 70%, the risk of bias was low, according to other
studies using the same tool.15