Inclusion criteria and data extraction
The trials which met the following criteria were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis:1) the trial population comprised of CKD patients either receiving dialysis or not receiving dialysis, and who had anemia (age>18 years);2) oral Roxadustat was used as intervention 3) comprised of a control group which received either placebo or ESA 4) included assessment of cardiac disorders and kidney-related AEs as primary outcomes. Cardiac disorders mainly consisted of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke as well as other cardiac diseases and major adverse cardiovascular events. Renal-related AEs included worsening of CKD or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ESKD or renal failure or dialysis, acute kidney injury, or “renal disease” “renal-related adverse event” which were reported in the trials. Secondary outcomes comprised of the incidence of hypertension and hyperkalemia. Finally, 17 trials met the inclusion criteria though full-text screening, and were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis.