2.1 Volcanic ash cloud transport
Submarine eruptions are volcanic eruptions that occur underneath the water’s surface. Due to hotspots, these eruptions can occur near constructive edges, subduction zones, and within tectonic plates. Throughout geological history, explosive submarine eruptions have occurred in a variety of submarine environments. The accompanying deposits indicate that the eruption of fractured magma-seawater mixes forms ascending flows that eventually feed an undersea flow and fall deposits. Deposits from explosive submarine eruptions have been reported 1-4 km below the surface in the deep sea, with both flow and fall deposits ranging several kilometres over the seafloor. However, there is no precise information about ”submarine volcano cloud transport” available. Yet, based on known data on undersea eruptions using HYSPLIT models, it can be concluded that volcanic ash is transported through water during a submerged eruption in the same way as it is transported through air during an aerial eruption. The difference would be that it would be transported through water rather than the atmosphere.
In the atmospheric sciences field, the HYSPLIT model is a frequently used atmospheric transport and dispersion model. The model replicates the dispersion and trajectory of chemicals carried and diffused through our atmosphere on local to global dimensions. It is intended to facilitate a wide variety of simulations concerning the movement and dispersion of pollutants and dangerous compounds in the atmosphere. Data acquisition delay varies depending on the sensor and method utilized for real-time monitoring of volcanic ash clouds. The NOAA/CIMSS Volcanic Cloud Monitoring website, for example, provides near-real-time processing of multiple geostationary and low-Earth orbit satellites that cover a large portion of the globe. The delay period for using CATS near-real-time lidar measurements to monitor volcanic ash clouds is around 3-6 hours. The use of DB/DR data processing might eventually lower the temporal lag for day-night monitoring of volcanic SO2 and ash clouds. Nevertheless, there is no universal number for data acquisition latency because it is affected by several aspects such as the type of sensor, technique, and processing involved. The utilisation of GEO satellite data is necessary for the early identification and tracking of volcanic ash plumes and cloud movements. Volcanic eruptions may now be predicted using thermal infrared remote sensing technologies. Nevertheless, there is no information on the typical latency time for monitoring volcanic ash clouds utilizing GEO satellite data or thermal infrared remote sensing technologies. Early detection and tracking of volcanic ash plumes and cloud trajectories requires the use of GEO satellite data. The principal observables of volcanoes include deformation, surface alteration, gas emissions, temperature anomalies, and ash clouds. Deformation has been proven to precede volcanic eruptions in terms of predicting. Because of high-temporal-resolution geostationary and polar-orbiting meteorological satellite data, gas emissions and thermal anomalies may be detected in near-real time. Yet, because of their fluctuating composition and size dispersion, ash clouds are more difficult to observe. Even with a lag of one hour owing to propagation time, worldwide infrared monitoring can offer timely information to Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC). Observational data from satellite remote sensing networks are crucial in estimating the ash cloud’s 4D dispersion. In this paper, we use HYSPLIT modelling system to monitor the ash cloud trajectories during the event. To summarize, several factors influence the latency time for monitoring volcanic ash clouds. They include satellite data difficulties such as delay and limited access to pictures. Mesoscale scanning can greatly reduce latency, while distant sensing networks play an important role in identifying the 4D dispersion of the ash cloud.