Overall, adopting HYSPLIT for volcanic ash monitoring is a useful technique for limiting the dangers posed by volcanic ash on flying aircraft. It gives precise volcanic ash deposition projections and aids in the differentiation of different types of eruptions.
3. Data, or a descriptive heading about data
HYSPLIT is a comprehensive system for simulating basic air parcel trajectories as well as sophisticated transport, dispersion, chemical transformation, and deposition scenarios. The HYSPLIT modelling system has already been used to track and forecast the release of radioactive material, wildfire smoke, windblown dust, pollutants from various stationary and mobile emission sources, allergies, volcanic ash, and simulation of atmospheric tracer release studies. The Air Resources Laboratory of NOAA created HYSPLIT. Volcanic ash cloud transport during the mid-week of the event has been simulated using HYSPLIT modelling system.
In this work, the HYSPLIT dispersion model is used to forecast volcanic ash movement and dispersion. To deliver information to VAACs, the National Weather Service (NWS) runs the HYSPLIT model with a unit mass release rate. The wind pattern above and around the volcano, on the other hand, is a key source of mistake in estimating where airborne volcanic ash will travel and settle. Scientists are employing satellite retrievals to incorporate data into the HYSPLIT model to enhance volcanic ash forecasts. Quantitative ash distribution projections may be given by objectively and ideally calculating the volcanic ash dispersal. MODIS satellite retrievals, for example, were used to assess the HYSPLIT model’s performance in predicting the 2008 Kasatochi volcanic ash clouds.
Meteorological data files are accessible from a variety of sources, however the majority of them must be reformatted before they can be used by HYSPLIT. Conversion applications in the HYSPLIT suite can be used to convert user-generated meteorological data to HYSPLIT format. In HYSPLIT, the Meteorology/Convert to ARL menu tab offers numerous choices for converting meteorological data. This data can be in Gridded Binary Format (only GRIB-1 is supported by the GUI), Network Common Data Form (NetCDF), or proprietary binary formats, such as NCAR’s MM5.
HYSPLIT requires meteorological data at several heights and time periods across the simulation’s lifetime on an equally spaced grid (latitude-longitude or conformal projection). The convert to ARL option in HYSPLIT may convert gridded meteorological data on a latitude-longitude grid or one of three conformal projections to ARL format.
The HYSPLIT User’s Handbook describes how to transform meteorological data for usage with HYSPLIT in detail. The manual offers context-sensitive assistance throughout the graphical user interface, commonly asked problems, and a list of utility tools such as file conversion and graphics creation. HYSPLIT is a full framework for calculating complicated dispersion and deposition trajectories. HYSPLIT requires meteorological data at several heights and time periods on an equally spaced grid (latitude-longitude or conformal projection) throughout the simulation. Meteorological data can be collected from a variety of sources that have already been prepared for use by HYSPLIT, or each user can convert their own data to the appropriate format.
NOAA provides source code and PC executable applications for converting meteorological data from diverse forms to a common format that HYSPLIT may use. NOAA also supplies UNIX converter programmes. The NOAA website provides access to HYSPLIT particle trajectories and footprint data. These data include footprints, which show locations where air parcels have come into touch with the Earth’s surface within a specific time-period, and particle trajectories, which reflect an air parcel’s passage across space through time.
In brief, HYSPLIT requires meteorological data on an equally spaced grid at several heights and time periods throughout the simulation. Meteorological data can be collected from a variety of sources that have already been prepared for use by HYSPLIT, or each user can convert their own data to the appropriate format.
4. Results, or a descriptive heading about the results
This model is designed to calculate the transport and dispersion of volcanic ash from the volcano peak to the column top. Within 0.1 degree of longitude, height, and latitude, the model estimates the position of computational particles. The accuracy of HYSPLIT output is based on the initialization accuracy: the beginning location, size distribution, and vertical profile of ash particles.
The HYSPLIT model performed interactively in this paper using the READY website and partially via script. The interactive map compares horizontal and vertical positioning, with colour denoting particle height. ARL based satellite data on volcanic ash clouds helps to enhance HYSPLIT volcanic ash forecasts. HYSPLIT simulation works for volcanic ash dispersion modelling as following conditions: eruption input, meteorological data input, ash particle distribution, ash cloud, reduced ash, and model output. In this work, the Windows-based HYSPLIT modelling system for volcanic- ash trajectories, ash particle deposition and ash particle position which includes single or multiple (space or time) simultaneous trajectories, optional grid of initial starting locations, computations forward or backward in time and default vertical motion using omega field. Ash particle position include motion options: isentropic, isosigma, isobaric and isopycnic in which trajectory ensemble using meteorological variations and the output of meteorological variables along a trajectory and trajectory clustering option for volcanic ash particle deposition.
Using HYSPLIT modelling system we get below results from the simulation with Fig.7. which include figures i-v showing the volcanic ash particle deposition from the multiple eruptions that happened on 14th January 2022 to 18th January 2022 at submarine volcano HTHH. Figures vi-x shows the volcanic ash particle trajectories and figures xi-xv illustrates the ash particle positions from the same series of multiple eruptions occurred at HTHH submarine volcano.