2.3.2. Integrated applications
The energy output of a single small thermoelectric hydrogel is relatively small and may be insufficient to meet real-life needs. To address this issue, integrated modules came into view. Most of the integrated modules are typically island-bridge structures with hundreds of small hydrogels connected in series and encapsulated together. Once the integrated module is successfully prepared, it not only enhances the energy output but also improves the overall application of thermoelectric hydrogel. The mechanical properties of the hydrogel can vary depending on the choice of matrix and crosslinking agents used in its preparation. The use of an integrated module unleashes the flexibility, strength, ductility, and toughness of the thermoelectric hydrogel.