Figure3. Proportion of different serotypes in each district or
county of Nanchang, China from 2019-2022 (A-D).
Figure 4. Positive detection rates of enteroviruses in each
district or county of Nanchang, China from 2019-2022 (A-D).(E) Population density (data of 2020 census) of each district or county
of Nanchang.
Figure 5. Serotyping of UEV using nested RT-PCR and sequencing.(A) 2% agarose gel electrophoresis (M: DNA marker; N: negative control;
Lane 1: CVA6; lane 2-5: UEV samples); (B) Proportions of different
serotypes during 2019-2022; (C) Phylogenetic tree of CVA2, CVA4, CVA5,
CVA9, CVB3 and ECHO9 based on partial 5’UTR sequences; (D) Pairwise
nucleotide similarity of CVA2, CVA4, CVA5, and CVB3, respectively.
Figure 6. Comparative prevalence of monthly EV infections
detected among HFMD cases in Nanchang, China, 2010 to 2022. (A)
Comparative prevalence of CVA6 and CVA16 during the COVID-19 epidemic.
(B-C) Asynchronous seasonality, explained by negative epidemiological
interactions. (D) Synchronous seasonality, explained by positive
epidemiological interactions. r : correlation coefficients;p : p value.
Figure 7. Heatmap and Spearman correlation analysis of monthly
HFMD cases associated with CVA6 or CVA16 from 2019-2022 (A-D) and
observed monthly cases associated with CVA6 (E) and CVA16 (F) in
Nanchang from 2015 to 2020, compared with the fitted (2015-2019) and
predicted (2020) case counts obtained using the ARIMA models in the
absence of COVID-19 intervention. r : correlation coefficients;p : p value. The light-purple shaded part indicates the
observed (black) and estimated (white) case counts from early January to
the end of December 2020. The dotted line indicates 95% CI.
Figure 8. Comparative analysis of sample types. (A) Numbers of
throat swab, anal swab and stool during 2019-2022; (B) Positive rate of
EVs from throat swab, anal swab and stool during 2019-2022; (C-F) Ct
values of real time RT-PCR targeting CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and UEV,
respectively. dashed line: median; dotted line: 95% CI, *:p <0.05; **: p <0.01.