3.3 Functional annotation of adapted loci
Several Q. longinux loci involved in climate and soil adaptation were associated with environmental variables (Table S6). Two functional pathways were significantly enriched in adaptive loci: oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis.
 
Furthermore, the allele frequencies of the annotated loci were associated with environmental gradients (Fig. 5a), indicating adaptation signals. Wind and soil gradients were significantly associated with the allele frequencies of ATPD, NF-Y19, cob, rpoB, and ABCG34 (Fig. 5b; Table S6). Some outliers, such as ADH1 orthologs, were associated with annual mean temperature and precipitation in spring (Fig. 5a). Other genes, including AT2G40435, the NET1D ortholog, and the HSP70 ortholog, were also involved in precipitation- and temperature-associated adaptation (Fig. 5b; Table S6).