Conclusions
This study provides comprehensive insights into the complex evolutionary dynamics of Taiwanese Scutellaria species. A combination of factors, including hybridization, introgression, and climate-driven selection, influenced their origins and adaptations. The intricate interplay between ex situ and in situ speciation processes, driven by allopatric and sympatric modes, shaped the diversity within the island. Frequent hybridization events contributed to genetic diversity and facilitated in situ speciation, broadening ecological potential and enhancing adaptation to diverse habitats. Local climate heterogeneity also played a pivotal role, allowing genetically distinct yet ecologically similar species to hybridize and adapt to changing environments. The hybridization events occasionally blurred species boundaries but simultaneously transferred adaptive genes, further aiding survival and adaptation. The genetic composition of these species reflects a complex interplay of historical demographic events and climate factors. By investigating the genetic basis of adaptation, hybridization, and introgression, this study highlights the complex mechanisms driving the evolution ofScutellaria species within the unique ecological context of Taiwan.