References
1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours
of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 4th ed Lyon: International Agency
for Research on Cancer. 2017.
2. Bakst RL, Tallman MS, Douer D, Yahalom J. How I treat extramedullary
acute myeloid leukemia. Blood . 2011;118(14):3785-3793.
doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-347229
3. Heuser M, Ofran Y, Boissel N, et al. Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult
patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and
follow-up†. Annals of Oncology . 2020;31(6):697-712.
doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.02.018
4. Fu L, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Fu J, Hong P, Feng W. Gene Mutations and
Targeted Therapies of Myeloid Sarcoma. Curr Treat Options in
Oncol . 2023;24(4):338-352. doi:10.1007/s11864-023-01063-6
5. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, et al. Myeloid sarcoma:
clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult
patients. Leukemia . 2007;21(2):340-350.
doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404491
6. Ganzel C, Manola J, Douer D, et al. Extramedullary Disease in Adult
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is Common but Lacks Independent Significance:
Analysis of Patients in ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group Trials,
1980-2008. JCO . 2016;34(29):3544-3553.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.5892
7. Noh BW, Park SW, Chun JE, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lim MK. Granulocytic
Sarcoma in the Head and Neck: CT and MR Imaging Findings. Clin Exp
Otorhinolaryngol . 2009;2(2):66-71. doi:10.3342/ceo.2009.2.2.66
8. Singh A, Kumar P, Chandrashekhara SH, Kumar A. Unravelling chloroma:
review of imaging findings. Br J Radiol . 90(1075):20160710.
doi:10.1259/bjr.20160710
9. Yilmaz AF, Saydam G, Sahin F, Baran Y. Granulocytic sarcoma: a
systematic review. Am J Blood Res . 2013;3(4):265-270.
10. Andrès E, Kurtz JE, Maloisel F, Dufour P. Otological manifestations
of acute leukaemia: report of two cases and review of literature.Clinical & Laboratory Haematology . 2001;23(1):57-60.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2257.2001.00358.x
11. Almadori G, Del Ninno M, Cadoni G, Di Mario A, Ottaviani F. Facial
nerve paralysis in acute otomastoiditis as presenting symptom of FAB M2,
T8;21 leukemic relapse. Case report and review of the literature.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1996;36(1):45-52.
doi:10.1016/0165-5876(95)01323-7
12. Leite da Silveira P, Gonçalves Silva V, Rizzato Paschoal J, Nizam
Pfeilsticker L. Bilateral peripheral facial palsy and mastoid
infiltration as symptoms of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia.European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases .
2015;132(1):41-43. doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2013.09.003
13. Cankaya H, Ugras S, Dilek I. Head and neck granulocytic sarcoma with
acute myeloid leukemia: three rare cases. Ear Nose Throat J .
2001;80(4):224-226, 228-229.
14. Howell J, Segel J, Jajosky R, et al. Acute facial paralysis and
otomastoiditis as presenting symptoms of myeloid sarcoma. Otol
Neurotol . 2015;36(4):e104-106. doi:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000490
15. Jung DJ, Lee HJ, Kwak JH, Lee KY. A Case of Myeloid Sarcoma
Mimicking Otomastoiditis with Retroauricular Abscess. Journal of
Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery . 2019;30(1):77-82.
doi:10.35420/jcohns.2019.30.1.77
16. Murakami M, Uno T, Nakaguchi H, et al. Isolated recurrence of
intracranial and temporal bone myeloid sarcoma–case report.Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) . 2011;51(12):850-854.
doi:10.2176/nmc.51.850
17. Zheng HD, Abdel-Aty Y, Taylor C, et al. Myeloid Sarcoma of the
Temporal Bone: A Unique Cause of Hearing Loss, Otalgia, and Facial Nerve
Weakness. Otol Neurotol . 2022;43(4):e435-e441.
doi:10.1097/MAO.0000000000003478
18. Stölzel F, Lüer T, Löck S, et al. The prevalence of extramedullary
acute myeloid leukemia detected by 18FDG-PET/CT: final results from the
prospective PETAML trial. Haematologica . 2020;105(6):1552-1558.
doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.223032
19. Cornelissen JJ, Gratwohl A, Schlenk RF, et al. The European
LeukemiaNet AML Working Party consensus statement on allogeneic HSCT for
patients with AML in remission: an integrated-risk adapted approach.Nat Rev Clin Oncol . 2012;9(10):579-590.
doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.150
20. Eckardt JN, Stölzel F, Kunadt D, et al. Molecular profiling and
clinical implications of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and
extramedullary manifestations. Journal of Hematology & Oncology .
2022;15(1):60. doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01267-7
21. Ball S, Knepper TC, Deutsch YE, et al. Molecular annotation of
extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia identifies high prevalence of
targetable mutations. Cancer . 2022;128(21):3880-3887.
doi:10.1002/cncr.34459
22. Shimizu H, Saitoh T, Hatsumi N, et al. Prevalence of extramedullary
relapses is higher after allogeneic stem cell transplantation than after
chemotherapy in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia.Leukemia Research . 2013;37(11):1477-1481.
doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.08.017
23. Solh M, DeFor TE, Weisdorf DJ, Kaufman DS. Extramedullary relapse of
acute myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation: better prognosis than systemic relapse. Biol
Blood Marrow Transplant . 2012;18(1):106-112.
doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.05.023
24. Ball S, Knepper TC, Deutsch YE, et al. Molecular annotation of
extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia to identify prevalence of
targetable mutations. JCO . 2021;39(15_suppl):7024-7024.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.7024
25. Kaur V, Swami A, Alapat D, et al. Clinical characteristics,
molecular profile and outcomes of myeloid sarcoma: a single institution
experience over 13 years. Hematology . 2018;23(1):17-24.
doi:10.1080/10245332.2017.1333275
26. Byrd JC, Weiss RB. Recurrent granulocytic sarcoma. An unusual
variation of acute myelogenous leukemia associated with 8;21 chromosomal
translocation and blast expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule.Cancer . 1994;73(8):2107-2112.
doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2107::AID-CNCR2820730815>3.0.CO;2-W
27. Bakst R, Wolden S, Yahalom J. Radiation therapy for chloroma
(granulocytic sarcoma). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys .
2012;82(5):1816-1822. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.02.057
28. Oertel M, Elsayad K, Haverkamp U, Stelljes M, Eich HT. Radiotherapy
for extramedullary leukaemic manifestation (Chloroma).Strahlenther Onkol . 2018;194(2):164-173.
doi:10.1007/s00066-017-1236-4
29. Hall MD, Chen YJ, Schultheiss TE, Pezner RD, Stein AS, Wong JYC.
Treatment outcomes for patients with chloroma receiving radiation
therapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol . 2014;58(4):523-527.
doi:10.1111/1754-9485.12172
30. Cunningham I, Kohno B. 18FDG-PET/CT: 21st century approach to
leukemic tumors in 124 cases. American Journal of Hematology .
2016;91(4):379-384. doi:10.1002/ajh.24287
31. Otoukesh S, Zhang J, Nakamura R, et al. The efficacy of venetoclax
and hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia with extramedullary
involvement. Leukemia & Lymphoma . 2020;61(8):2020-2023.
doi:10.1080/10428194.2020.1742908
32. Werstein B, Dunlap J, Cascio MJ, et al. Molecular Discordance
between Myeloid Sarcomas and Concurrent Bone Marrows Occurs in
Actionable Genes and Is Associated with Worse Overall Survival.The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics . 2020;22(3):338-345.
doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.11.004
33. Kashofer K, Gornicec M, Lind K, et al. Detection of prognostically
relevant mutations and translocations in myeloid sarcoma by next
generation sequencing. Leukemia & Lymphoma . 2018;59(2):501-504.
doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1339879