Cases in Fig. 4f
Year
Tribopositive biomaterial
Tribonegative material
Type
Fabrication method
External force
External force
External force
Maximum output voltage [V]
Efficiency
Efficiency
Efficiency
Cycles
Ref.
Type
Applied force [N] Applied frequency [Hz]
V N‒1
V m‒2
V N‒1 m‒2
a 2016 Silk Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Film Coating Tapping - - 40 - 50,000 - 18,000 65
b 2016 Silk Polymide (PI) Film Electrospinning Tapping 44.5 10 26 0.58 9,290 209 25,000 66
c 2017 Cu Bacterial nanocellulose from Acetobacter xylinum Film Casting Tapping 51.2 10 23 0.45 9,200 180 - 67
d 2018 Soy protein Polyimide (PI) Film Solution blowing Tapping 21.5 10 5 0.23 5,710 266 96,000 10
e 2019 Starch from potato Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Film Casting Tapping 10 8 2 0.3 5,000 500 - 68
f 2019 Pullulan Polyimide (PI) Film Casting Tapping - 10 79 - 12,340 - - 69
g 2020 Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium Carboxymethyl chitosan Film Electrospinning Tapping - 2 3 - 3,330 - 3000 70
h
2020
Polyamide (PA)/Lignin
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Polyethylene (PE)
Film
Fused deposition modeling
Tapping
100
30
308
3.08
25,700
256
-
71
i
2022
Ulmus davidiana var. japonica root bark/PCL
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
Film
Electrospinning
Tapping
20
8
80
4
32,000
1,600
100,000
72
j
2022
Sulfonated lignin/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
Film
Electrospinning
Tapping
40
10
116
2.9
72,500
1,812.5
11
2023 Lignin/PCL Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) film Electrospinning Tapping 9 9 93 10.33 37,200 4133.33 This work