CONCLUSION
Maternal COVID-19 seems to have both morphological and functional
effects on the fetal, neonatal and infant heart. To date, this is the
first case-control, longitudinal study evaluating the comprehensive
effect of maternal COVID-19 disease on cardiac functions of the fetuses
and infants.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS YÖŞ prepared and wrote the original draft,
analysis, interpretation and contributed to data collection. BS
contributed to data collection, ŞGA contributed to data collection and
literatüre search. AEKG performed the literature search and was
responsible for conceptualization, methodology. AT performed the project
development. İİÇ and DS were responsible for visualization, and
reviewing and editing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Special thanks to all healthcare staff who works
very hard to improve the health standards of the pregnant women,
newborns and children during pandemic period.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of
interest.
FUNDING SOURCES None
DISCLOSURES None
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings
of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical
restrictions.
REFERENCES :
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19)
overview webpage [Online]/COVID-19 Dashboard. Available from:
https://covid19.who. int/ [Accessed 25 May 2023]
[2] Sahin D, Tanacan A, Erol SA, et al. Updated experience of a
tertiary pandemic center on 533 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection:
A prospective cohort study from Turkey. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2021 Mar;152(3):328-334.
[3] Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al. for PregCOV-19 Living
Systematic Review Consortium. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and
maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in
pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020
Sep 1;370:m3320.
[4] DeBolt CA, Bianco A, Limaye MA, et al. Pregnant women with
severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 have increased composite
morbidity compared with nonpregnant matched controls. Am J Obstet
Gynecol . 2021 May;224(5):510.e1-510.e12.
[5] Di Girolamo R, Khalil A, Alameddine S, et al. Placental
histopathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2021
Nov;3(6):100468.
[6] Rodriguez-Gonzalez M, Castellano-Martinez A, Cascales-Poyatos
HM, Perez-Reviriego AA. Cardiovascular impact of COVID-19 with a focus
on children: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases. 2020 Nov
6;8(21):5250-5283.
[7] Pawar R, Gavade V, Patil N, et al. Neonatal Multisystem
Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-N) Associated with Prenatal Maternal
SARS-CoV-2: A Case Series. Children (Basel). 2021 Jul 2;8(7):572.
[8] Cantarutti N, Battista V, Stagnaro N, et al. Long-Term
Cardiovascular Outcome in Children with MIS-C Linked to SARS-CoV-2
Infection-An Italian Multicenter Experience. Biology (Basel).2022 Oct 8;11(10):1474.
[9] Arslan SY, Bal ZS, Bayraktaroglu S, Ozenen GG, et al. Cardiac
Assessment in Children with MIS-C: Late Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Features. Pediatr Cardiol. 2023 Jan;44(1):44-53.
[10] Şahin D, Tanaçan A, Webster SN, Moraloğlu Tekin Ö. Pregnancy
and COVID-19: prevention, vaccination, therapy, and beyond. Turk J
Med Sci. 2021 Dec 17;51(SI-1):3312-3326.
[11] World Health
Organization. Living Guidance for clinical management of COVID-19.
Published:January 2023. WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2021.2
[12] Lai WW, Geva T, Shirali GS et al. Task Force of the Pediatric
Council of the American Society of Echocardiography; Pediatric Council
of the American Society of Echocardiography. Guidelines and standards
for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task
Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of
Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006 Dec;19(12):1413-30.
[13] Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC et al. Recommendations for
quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric
echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group
of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital
Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010
May;23(5):465-95; quiz 576-7.
[14] Altın H, Karaarslan S, Karataş Z, Alp H, Şap F, Baysal T.
Evaluation of cardiac functions in term small for gestational age
newborns with mild growth retardation: a serial conventional and tissue
Doppler imaging echocardiographic study. Early Hum Dev. 2012
Sep;88(9):757-64.
[15] McMurray JC, May JW, Cunningham MW, Jones OY. Multisystem
Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), a Post-viral Myocarditis and
Systemic Vasculitis-A Critical Review of Its Pathogenesis and Treatment.Front Pediatr. 2020 Dec 16;8:626182.
[16] Sawalha K, Abozenah M, Kadado AJ et al. Systematic Review of
COVID-19 Related Myocarditis: Insights on Management and Outcome.Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2021 Feb;23:107-113.
[17] Gee S, Chandiramani M, Seow J, et al. The legacy of maternal
SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immunology of the neonate. Nat
Immunol. 2021 Dec;22(12):1490-1502.
[18] Shaiba LA, More K, Hadid A et al. Multisystemic Inflammatory
Syndrome in Neonates: A Systematic Review. Neonatology.2022;119(4):405-417.
[19] De Rose DU, Pugnaloni F, Calì M et al. Multisystem Inflammatory
Syndrome in Neonates Born to Mothers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection (MIS-N)
and in Neonates and Infants Younger Than 6 Months with Acquired COVID-19
(MIS-C): A Systematic Review. Viruses. 2022 Apr 2;14(4):750.
[20] Rizzo G, Mappa I, Pietrolucci ME et al. Effect of SARS-CoV-2
infection on fetal umbilical vein flow and cardiac function: a
prospective study. J Perinat Med. 2022 Jan 21;50(4):398-403.
[21] Ayhan S, Turgut E, Ozden Tokalioglu E et al. Post-COVID-19
fetal cardiac evaluation in moderate infection group of pregnant women.J Clin Ultrasound. 2022 Jun;50(5):630-635.
[22] Hatém MA, Zielinsky P, Hatém DM et al. Assessment of diastolic
ventricular function in fetuses of diabetic mothers using tissue
Doppler. Cardiol Young. 2008 Jun;18(3):297-302.
[23] Patey O, Carvalho JS, Thilaganathan B. Perinatal changes in
fetal cardiac geometry and function in diabetic pregnancy at term.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Nov;54(5):634-642.
[24] Schoenmakers S, Snijder P, Verdijk RM, Kuiken T, Kamphuis SSM,
Koopman LP, Krasemann TB, Rousian M, Broekhuizen M, Steegers EAP,
Koopmans MPG, Fraaij PLA, Reiss IKM. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 Placental Infection and Inflammation Leading to Fetal
Distress and Neonatal Multi-Organ Failure in an Asymptomatic Woman.J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 May 28;10(5):556-561.