Adipocytokines
Adipocytes, stromovascular and inflammatory cells all contribute to adipocytokines secretion. Cytokines released include IL-6, TNFα, MCP1, CCL2 and IL1β. The actions of the adipocytokines are diverse and are not limited to just inflammatory effects such as chemoattraction and immune cell activation. For example, TNFα suppresses free fatty acid and glucose uptake into adipocytes in humans (Ruan et al., 2002). Little is known about the actions of these cytokines in equine adipose but expression of several, including TNFα , IL1β , IL-6 and CCL2 , has been shown (Reynolds et al., 2019; Basinska et al., 2015). The analysis of these cytokines may also be a potential diagnostic target in equine metabolic syndrome.