\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Clinical Characteristics of Shocks in Patients with implanted
cardioverter defibrillator Following COVID-19 Infection}



\author[1]{Jianying sun}%
\author[1]{Juan Ma}%
\author[1]{Feiyu Wei}%
\author[1]{Yazhe Ma}%
\author[1]{Xi Zhang}%
\author[1]{Xiaolong Gao}%
\author[1]{Tao Ma}%
\author[1]{Jia Guo}%
\author[1]{Xiuhua Li}%
\author[1]{Jie Fan}%
\affil[1]{First People's Hospital of Yunnan}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 05, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{Background and Aims:} The relationship between SARS-CoV-2
infection and ICD shock remains unclear. We analyzed the characteristics
of patients received shocks after SARS-CoV-2 infection to explore causes
of these shocks to provide information for subsequent treatment.
\textbf{Methods:} We retrospectively analyzed data from seven patients
who hospitalized the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province between
December 2022 and January 2023 after experiencing ICD shock or
ventricular arrhythmias following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We collected
baseline information i.e., age and sex, device type, arrhythmia type,
comorbidities, etc to analyze the causes of electrical shocks.
\textbf{Results:} All patients' devices were implanted in our hospital.
The patients' mean age was 67\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10 years. Four underwent implantation for
primary prevention, and three for secondary prevention. These patients
received 80 ICD shocks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 71 (88.75\%) nine
(11.25\%) of which were treatment for ventricular tachycardia and atrial
fibrillation, respectively. There were 54 antitachycardia pacing(ATP)
treatments, which forty-eight arrhythmic events were terminated through
antitachycardia pacing and six not. Laboratory tests conducted upon
admission revealed that six patients had blood potassium levels below
4.0 mmol/L. Five patients had blood calcium levels below 2.11 mmol/L.
Four of seven patients had elevated troponin concentrations
(0.030--0.297 ng/mL). All patients had significantly elevated N-terminal
pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (608.8--25,758 pg/mL). Six
patients had a QT interval of \textgreater{} 440 ms and a mean QT
interval of 460±46 ms. \textbf{Conclusion:} SARS-CoV-2 infection may be
associated with ICD shock. Clinicians should pay close attention to
patients with implanted devices after SARS-CoV-2 infection and actively
eliminate arrhythmogenic triggers to minimize the likelihood of ICD
shock.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization officially named the
novel coronavirus-induced illness as coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). Two days later, the International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV) officially named the organism severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to the official website
of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of
novel coronavirus infections in China was expected to peak on December
22, 2022. Previous evidence indicates that novel coronavirus infections
increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,\textsuperscript{1} and
arrhythmias are a common cardiovascular manifestation, with high
incidence rates reported in patients with COVID-19.\textsuperscript{2,3}

Therefore, sudden cardiac death (SCD) is increasingly becoming a major
clinical and public health concern. Implantable cardioverter
defibrillators (ICDs) improve survival outcomes\textsuperscript{4--7}and
are currently the most effective treatment option for the prevention of
SCD; however, ICD shock therapy is associated with higher mortality
rates.\textsuperscript{8--10} It is estimated that 20--35\% of patients
with an ICD will require ICD shock therapy to treat future arrhythmic
events.\textsuperscript{9,11} Large clinical trials, such as the
Antiarrythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial, the
Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II),
the Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation
(DEFINITE) trial, and the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial
(SCD-HeFT) have reported even higher shock rates. Reducing the frequency
of ICD shocks and avoiding inappropriate shocks are the main goals of
long-term follow-up among patients with ICDs.

Recent studies indicate a significant increase in the number of ICD
shocks delivered to patients with COVID-19 infection compared to the
rates in the same period in previous years.\textsuperscript{12} Our
center has also observed a significant increase in the frequency of ICD
shocks experienced in patients hospitalized after SARS-CoV-2 infection
since the peak of the epidemic in China in December 2022; however, the
relationship between COVID-19 and these events has not been
well-explored.

Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the characteristics of treatment
in patients with ICDs following SARS-CoV-2 infection, to explore the
causes of the ICD shocks, and to provide clinical management references
for the treatment of patients with ICDs during future periods involving
similar infectious diseases.

\textbf{Methods~}

Study design

This study involved a retrospective analysis of data from seven patients
who were admitted to our treatment center between December 2022 and
January 2023 for ICD shock or ventricular arrhythmias after SARS-CoV-2
infection. All patients signed an informed consent form, and the study
complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Data collection

The enrolled patients' clinical data were collected and recorded,
including primary data such as age and sex, device type and model,
underlying disease, New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function
classification, and presence of comorbid diseases. Data related to
device parameters and events, such as the ICD parameter settings,
treatment type and frequency, arrhythmia type, and termination mode were
also collected. Ancillary examination data were also obtained, including
data from electrocardiograms and cardiac ultrasounds, as well as
concentrations of electrolytes, markers of myocardial injury, and
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).

Definitions related to ICD treatment of the study

Appropriate ICD treatment was defined as the correct treatment selection
and delivery for persistent ventricular and hemodynamically unstable
arrhythmias.

Inappropriate ICD treatment was defined as an inappropriate response to
any signals other than those related to sustained ventricular and
hemodynamically unstable arrhythmias.

The default event termination criteria of the ICDs were defined as eight
consecutive intervals greater than or equal to the programmed diagnostic
tachycardia circumference after antitachycardia pacing (ATP) or shock
therapy.

The clinically recognized criteria for ICD treatment success were
defined as the successful conversion of arrhythmia to sinus rhythm and
its maintenance.

Ventricular electrical storm~was defined as three or more sustained
ventricular arrhythmic episodes occurring at least 5 min apart within a
24-h period, with each episode requiring termination by the
intervention.\textsuperscript{13}

Determination of the cause of inappropriate electroshock treatment

Following ICD treatment, two skilled deputy chief physicians with
experience in electrophysiology ascertained the appropriateness of the
electroshock treatment by examining the simulated body surface and
intracavitary electrograms obtained through the program controls in
conjunction with the patient's clinical condition. If the two deputy
chief physicians' assessments were in disagreement, consensus was based
on the chief physician's assessment. This methodology was crucial for
identifying the causes of any inappropriate electroshock treatments.

\textbf{Results}

The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. The
mean age was 67\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10 years (range: 51--78 years). Six patients were male
and one was female patient. Six of the seven patients had an ICD
implanted for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy; the other had an
ICD implanted for the treatment of long QT syndrome. Two patients had
implanted CRT-Ds (Medtronic, DTBC2QQ), whereas the remaining five had
ICDs (Medtronic, BVAC). Four patients received ICDs for primary
prevention for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy with a low left
ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). One patient received ICDs for the
secondary prevention of long QT syndrome with frequent torsades de
pointes. Two patients received ICDs for the secondary prevention of
ischemic cardiomyopathy with VT. The mean time since device implantation
was 40±18 months.

The patient implant device settings are shown in Table 2. In one patient
with atrial fibrillation (AF) at the time of implantation, the VF
diagnostic interval was set to 270 ms to avoid inappropriate shock of
the CRT-D due to AF, with as rapid a ventricular rate as possible. In
another patient, the VT diagnostic interval was set to 390 ms based on
the ventricular rate measured during previous VT episodes to optimize
the device's ability to recognize VT as much as possible and provide
treatment as early as possible to terminate the event.

The types of arrhythmias and the characteristics of the treatments
administered by the devices for each of the seven patients are shown in
Table 3. In seven patients, the average time between the initial onset
of symptoms of COVID-19 infection and device shock was 9±5 days (range:
3--20 days). The average QT interval was 460±46 ms (range: 386--536 ms)
in the seven patients; however, six patients exhibited QT intervals
exceeding 440 ms. Five patients exhibited a significant prolongation of
the QT interval after COVID-19 infection compared with the QT interval
measured at the time of device implantation.

Review of the program control data from the patients' records revealed
that seven patients received a combined total of 54 ATP treatments, all
of which satisfied the default ICD criteria for event termination,
including one case that fulfilled the clinically determined criteria for
successful treatment. Additionally, four patients briefly exhibited
evidence of sinus rhythm recovery following ATP treatment, with the
event ultimately terminated by shock delivery. Another patient with a
low ventricular rate during a VT episode resulting from long-term
\selectlanguage{greek}β-\selectlanguage{english}blocker use did not undergo ATP treatment or receive a shock; that
patient was placed on a programmed ICD for \emph{in vivo}defibrillation,
which briefly restored the rhythm before recurrence, with the VT episode
eventually being terminated via external defibrillation (see Case 2 for
details). In total, the seven patients experienced 80 ICD shocks
post-infection, 71 (88.75\%) of which were administered for VT and nine
(11.25\%) of which were administered for AF; overall, this resulted in
66 successful terminations of arrhythmic events (82.5\% effective). In
total, ATP therapy was administered 54 times, resulting in the
successful termination of 48 of these arrhythmic events. Five of the
seven patients received appropriate treatment; two patients received
inappropriate treatment. Three of the seven patients experienced
ventricular electrical storms, with a single patient receiving shocks
and ATP treatment with the greatest frequency (at 53 and 35,
respectively; see Case 1 for details). The remaining four patients did
not meet the diagnostic criteria for ventricular electrical storms,
although they did receive shocks or ATP treatment multiple times within
a single day.

The laboratory examination results are presented in Table 4. All
patients exhibited symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and tested positive
for nucleic acids before admission. All patients demonstrated leukocyte
and creatinine levels either within the normal range or only slightly
elevated; with the exception of Case 2, who exhibited significantly
elevated levels of both leukocytes and creatinine. Seven patients
presented with varying degrees of electrolyte imbalance, which was
primarily characterized by low blood concentrations of potassium and
calcium. Six patients exhibited potassium levels below 4.0 mmol/L
(range: 3.5--3.9 mmol/L), and five of the seven patients had blood
calcium levels lower than 2.11 mmol/L. Troponin levels were elevated in
five of the seven patients (range: 0.023--0.297 ng/mL). Additionally,
all patients exhibited significantly elevated NT-proBNP concentrations
at the time of admission (range: 608.8--25,758 pg/mL). The
characteristics of two cases are described in more detail.

\textbf{Case 1:} ~A 78-year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy
underwent CRT-D implantation for primary prevention four years
previously. One week prior, he became infected with SARS-CoV-2 and was
referred to our institution due to experiencing recurrent shocks from
the device. Upon admission, the program control data revealed recurrent
VT, with 35 and 53 episodes of ATP treatment and shock, respectively.
His blood pressure and heart rate were unstable, with a maximum heart
rate of 202 beats/min. The program control data revealed that each ATP
treatment could terminate the tachycardia; however, sinus rhythm could
not be maintained continuously. While monitored by an external
defibrillator, his device underwent programming to augment the number of
ATP treatments and abbreviate the VF diagnostic interval to mitigate
shock administration. After ATP treatment, the patient received
intravenous antiarrhythmic medications, including amiodarone, lidocaine,
and esmolol. His blood pressure returned to normal after one day and
remained stable.

\textbf{Case 2:} ~A 55-year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy and
paroxysmal VT received an ICD for secondary prevention three years ago.
The patient became infected with SARS-CoV-2 11 days before presentation
and developed fever, palpitations, and muscle weakness. Two days before
presentation, these symptoms worsened and were accompanied by dyspnea
and an inability to lie down; therefore, he visited our institution.
Upon admission, his physical condition was characterized by a
temperature of 36.0 , blood pressure of 81/67 mmHg, and oxygen
saturation of 85\% in a non-oxygenated state, with wet rales in both
lungs. The program suggested that he was experiencing sustained VT, with
a heart rate fluctuating between 145 and 157 beats/min. No ATP or shock
therapy was administered because the ventricular rate had not entered
the VT/VF diagnostic interval of the program. He was administered
intravenous amiodarone and received active anti-heart failure (HF)
treatment. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated metabolic acidosis and
type I respiratory failure, and chest computed tomography indicated
diffuse, exudative lung changes, suggesting the possibility of viral
pneumonia. He received ventilator-assisted respiration, antiviral drugs,
antibiotic treatment with meropenem, and anti-inflammatory treatment
with methylprednisolone. However, his condition did not improve,
multiorgan failure developed, and he died eight days after admission.

\textbf{Discussion}

ICD shock negatively affects patients' quality of life, causes adverse
outcomes, is associated with higher mortality
rates,\textsuperscript{9}and is the most critical cause of
rehospitalization in patients with ICDs. This study revealed a
significant increase in hospitalizations due to ICD shock during the
peak period of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the rates in the same
period in the past, suggesting a possible correlation between SARS-CoV-2
infection and ICD shock. Therefore, it is essential to understand the
causes of ICD shock in patients with ICDs following SARS-CoV-2 infection
to provide targeted treatment and prevent adverse events upon admission.

With the increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the
accumulation of clinical data, the development of significant
cardiovascular complications after infection has become more
apparent.\textsuperscript{3,14--19} The current view is that SARS-CoV-2
infection triggers a range of cardiovascular manifestations through
multiple mechanisms.\textsuperscript{16,20--24} However, owing to the
lack of related reports, the mechanism through which patients with ICDs
become more susceptible to shocks following SARS-CoV-2 infection remains
unknown. A previous multicenter study reported a significant increase in
ICD shock among those with such devices during the COVID-19 outbreak in
the United States.\textsuperscript{12} Two other single-center studies
reported no increase in ventricular arrhythmic events, although deaths
were observed in patients with ICDs during the peak of the pandemic in
Italy in 2020.\textsuperscript{25,26} However, these studies evaluated
ICD shocks using continuous remote monitoring systems and did not
determine whether patients experiencing them were infected with
SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the correlation between ICD shock and SARS-CoV-2
infection requires further investigation.

In this study, we analyzed data from seven patients who were admitted to
our hospital for ventricular arrhythmias or ICD shocks within 3--20 days
after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed their program and clinical data
and observed that they shared specific characteristics that may have
driven the development of ventricular arrhythmias or ICD shocks after
SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most patients exhibited elevated troponin levels,
suggesting the development of myocardial damage post-infection, which
has been suggested to be a cause of ICD-induced
shocks.\textsuperscript{14,27} A higher incidence of malignant
ventricular arrhythmias has been reported in patients with severe left
ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery
disease.\textsuperscript{28,29} Among these seven patients, six were
implanted with ICDs or CRT-Ds for ischemic cardiomyopathy and were prone
to malignant arrhythmias. SARS-CoV-2 infection can disrupt the oxygen
supply equilibrium and cause a cytokine storm, further damaging
cardiomyocytes, and the development of malignant arrhythmias increases
the likelihood of ICD shock. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can directly damage
cardiomyocytes by downregulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
receptors and interfering with ACE2-associated signaling
pathways.\textsuperscript{30} It should be noted that these six patients
had not experienced sustained VT or recurrent ICD shocks prior to
infection, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection may play a role in ICD
shock as a potential arrhythmia trigger.

Decreased potassium and calcium concentrations may represent another
mechanism underlying ICD shock development after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Most of the patients developed electrolyte imbalances post-infection,
mainly in the form of reduced potassium and calcium ion levels, possibly
due to a fever-induced increase in sweating post-infection, or
insufficient potassium and calcium ion intake due to decreased appetite.
Decreased calcium ion concentrations can induce arrhythmias by affecting
ion channel functions and the difference in potential between the
interior and exterior of myocardial
cells.\textsuperscript{31}Clinically, hypokalemia is a common cause of
arrhythmogenesis, and severe hypokalemia can lead to life-threatening
ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia can
prolong the QT interval, inducing the development of malignant
arrhythmias. In this study, six patients exhibited QT interval
prolongation (\textgreater{} 440 ms) (mean QT interval: 460 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 46 ms;
range: 386--536 ms). All patients exhibited varying degrees of HF
symptom exacerbation after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and NT-proBNP levels
significantly exceeded the normal range upon admission. We speculate
that the exacerbation of HF due to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be another
important factor leading to ICD shock. The current view is that an acute
increase in cardiac load can cause cardiomyocyte stretching, altering
myocardial electrical activity and leading to the development of various
types of arrhythmias.\textsuperscript{32} We believe that myocardial
injury and electrolyte imbalances caused by infection are the leading
causes of HF exacerbation in these patients. Furthermore, most patients
did not continue to take their anti-HF medications regularly after the
infection, out of concern for Safety, which may be another cause of the
acute exacerbation of HF in these patients.

Previous studies have shown that secondary prevention and ICD
implantation are risk factors for the development of malignant
arrhythmias.\textsuperscript{33} However, the total number of shocks
administered was significantly higher in the patients who received ICDs
for primary prevention than in those who received them for secondary
prevention (68 vs. 12, respectively). This suggests that SARS-CoV-2
infection plays a dominant role in the induction of ICD shock. AF is a
predictor of inappropriate shocks,\textsuperscript{34,35} and patients
with SARS-CoV-2 infection are more susceptible to AF during the acute
and late recovery phases.\textsuperscript{36,37} It can be hypothesized
that SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the AF load, serving as another
possible factor contributing to inappropriate shocks in these patients.

Three of the seven patients in this study experienced ventricular
electrical storms post-infection, and these patients did not experience
the reoccurrence of arrhythmias following the administration of
antiarrhythmic drugs and the removal of the triggers. We suggest that
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause malignant arrhythmias through various
mechanisms such as myocardial damage, electrolyte disturbances, QT
interval prolongation, HF aggravation, and AF induction of AF; most of
these malignant arrhythmias can be terminated by ICD shock, preventing
mortality and demonstrating the value of ICDs in preventing SCD.
Simultaneously, because ICD shock is associated with higher
mortality,\textsuperscript{9} the frequency of programmed follow-up
should be increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Post-infection,
follow-up of patients can be conducted by telephone for timely clinical
evaluation and guidance on medications. If necessary, patients should be
admitted to the hospital as early as possible to eliminate the triggers
of arrhythmia and minimize the likelihood of ICD shock. In the present
study, none of the patients experienced further ICD shock after the
removal of the aforementioned triggers.

It is important to note, however, that this study included only seven
patients; therefore, more extensive clinical studies are needed to
confirm these findings.

\textbf{Conclusion}

This study indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause malignant
arrhythmia episodes through various mechanisms, including myocardial
damage, electrolyte disturbances, QT interval prolongation, HF
aggravation, and AF induction, resulting in a significant increase in
the number of ICD treatments administered. Patients with ICDs should be
treated cautiously following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early intervention
and more active follow-up should be provided to minimize the likelihood
of ICD shock and improve patients' prognosis. Ultimately, this study
provides a basis for the future diagnosis and treatment of patients with
such devices following similar infectious disease outbreaks.

\textbf{Acknowledgements}

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (82060071 and 82260068 to Jie Fan).

\textbf{Disclosure}

Conflict of interest: none declared.

\textbf{References}

1. Wan E Y F, Mathur S, Zhang R, et al. Association of COVID-19 with
short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a
prospective cohort in UK Biobank{[}J{]}. Cardiovasc Res 2023.

2. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal
Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19){[}J{]}.
JAMA Cardiol 2020, 5(7): 811-818.

3. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138
Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in
Wuhan, China{[}J{]}. Jama 2020, 323(11): 1061-1069.

4.Moss A J, Zareba W, Hall W J, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a
defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced
ejection fraction{[}J{]}. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(12): 877-83.

5. Biton Y, Rosero S, Moss A, et al. Long-Term Survival With Implantable
Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Different Symptomatic Functional Classes
of Heart Failure{[}J{]}. Am J Cardiol 2018, 121(5): 615-620.

6. Moss A J. What we have learned from the family of multicenter
automatic defibrillator implantation trials{[}J{]}. Circ J 2010, 74(6):
1038-41.

7. Zabel M, Willems R, Lubinski A, et al. Clinical effectiveness of
primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results of
the EU-CERT-ICD controlled multicentre cohort study{[}J{]}. Eur Heart J
2020, 41(36): 3437-3447.

8. Poole J E, Olshansky B, Mark D B, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in the SCD-HeFT{[}J{]}. J
Am Coll Cardiol 2020, 76(4): 405-415.

9. Strickberger S A, Canby R, Cooper J, et al. Association of
Antitachycardia Pacing or Shocks With Survival in 69,000 Patients With
an Implantable Defibrillator{[}J{]}. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017,
28(4): 416-422.

10. Wilkoff B L, Williamson B D, Stern R S, et al. Strategic programming
of detection and therapy parameters in implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators reduces shocks in primary prevention
patients: results from the PREPARE (Primary Prevention Parameters
Evaluation) study{[}J{]}. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52(7): 541-50.

11. Merchant F M, Hoskins M H, Benser M E, et al. Time Course of
Subsequent Shocks After Initial Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Discharge and Implications for Driving Restrictions{[}J{]}. JAMA Cardiol
2016, 1(2): 181-8.

12. Adabag S, Zimmerman P, Black A, et al. Implantable
Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks During COVID-19 Outbreak{[}J{]}. J Am
Heart Assoc 2021, 10(11): e019708.

13. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, De Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines
for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the
prevention of sudden cardiac death{[}J{]}. Eur Heart J 2022, 43(40):
3997-4126.

14. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With
Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China{[}J{]}.
JAMA Cardiol 2020, 5(7): 802-810.

15. Corrigendum to Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis saved with
glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin{[}J{]}. Eur Heart J 2021, 42(2):
191.

16. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected
with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China{[}J{]}. Lancet 2020,
395(10223): 497-506.

17. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for
mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a
retrospective cohort study{[}J{]}. Lancet 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.

18. Henning R J. Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 severe acute
respiratory syndrome{[}J{]}. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2022, 12(4): 170-191.

19. Inciardi R M, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a
Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19){[}J{]}. JAMA Cardiol
2020, 5(7): 819-824.

20.Azevedo R B, Botelho B G, Hollanda J V G, et al. Covid-19 and the
cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review{[}J{]}. J Hum Hypertens
2021, 35(1): 4-11.

21. Li S S, Cheng C W, Fu C L, et al. Left ventricular performance in
patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day
echocardiographic follow-up study{[}J{]}. Circulation 2003, 108(15):
1798-803.

22. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett K S, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the
2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation{[}J{]}. Science 2020,
367(6483): 1260-1263.

23. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on
the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different
human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection{[}J{]}. Front Med 2020,
14(2): 185-192.

24.Landstrom A P, Dobrev D, Wehrens X H T. Calcium Signaling and Cardiac
Arrhythmias{[}J{]}. Circ Res 2017, 120(12): 1969-1993.

25.Zorzi A, Mattesi G, Frigo A C, et al. Impact of coronavirus disease
19 outbreak on arrhythmic events and mortality among implantable
cardioverter defibrillator patients followed up by remote monitoring: a
single center study from the Veneto region of Italy{[}J{]}. J Cardiovasc
Med (Hagerstown) 2022, 23(8): 546-550.

26.Malanchini G, Ferrari P, Leidi C, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias
among patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator during the
COVID-19 pandemic{[}J{]}. J Arrhythm 2021, 37(2): 407-413.

27. Kochi A N, Tagliari A P, Forleo G B, et al. Cardiac and arrhythmic
complications in patients with COVID-19{[}J{]}. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol 2020, 31(5): 1003-1008.

28. Brigadeau F, Kouakam C, Klug D, et al. Clinical predictors and
prognostic significance of electrical storm in patients with implantable
cardioverter defibrillators{[}J{]}. Eur Heart J 2006, 27(6): 700-7.

29. Proietti R, Sagone A. Electrical storm: Incidence, Prognosis and
Therapy{[}J{]}. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2011, 11(2): 34--42.

30.Oudit G Y, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of
myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with
SARS{[}J{]}. Eur J Clin Invest 2009, 39(7): 618-25.

31. Kistamás K, Veress R, Horváth B, et al. Calcium Handling Defects and
Cardiac Arrhythmia Syndromes{[}J{]}. Front Pharmacol 2020, 11: 72.

32. Reiter M J. Effects of mechano-electrical feedback: potential
arrhythmogenic influence in patients with congestive heart
failure{[}J{]}. Cardiovasc Res 1996, 32(1): 44-51.

33. Nedios S, Darma A, Stevanello C, et al. Electrical storm in patients
with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in the era of catheter
ablation: Implications for better rhythm control{[}J{]}. Heart Rhythm
2015, 12(12): 2419-25.

34. Van Rees J B, Borleffs C J, De Bie M K, et al. Inappropriate
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks: incidence, predictors,
and impact on mortality{[}J{]}. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57(5): 556-62.

35. Borleffs C J, Van Rees J B, Van Welsenes G H, et al. Prognostic
importance of atrial fibrillation in implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator patients{[}J{]}. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010,
55(9): 879-85.

36. Seecheran R, Narayan Singh R, Giddings S, et al. Atrial Arrhythmias
in a Patient Presenting With Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)
Infection{[}J{]}. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020, 8:
2324709620925571.

37. Guzik T J, Mohiddin S A, Dimarco A, et al. COVID-19 and the
cardiovascular system: Implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and
treatment options{[}J{]}. Cardiovasc Res 2020, 116(10): 1666-1687.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Tables}\\
\textbf{Table 1} Patient baseline data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patient\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sex\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sex\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Device type\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Device type\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Primary disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Primary disease\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Level of prevention\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Level of prevention\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NYHA classification\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unit type (Medtronic)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unit type (Medtronic)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unit type (Medtronic)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Complications\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
78\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CRT-D\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CRT-D\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
HT, CHF\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
55\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVAC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVAC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVAC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CHF\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
78\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
LQTS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
LQTS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
II\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CRT-D\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CRT-D\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DTBC2QQ\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
HT, CHF, AF\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DM, CHF\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
secondary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DVBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
HT, CHF, DM\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
63\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ICM\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
primary\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
III\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DDBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DDBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
DDBC3D4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CHF\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
EF, ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CRT-D, cardiac
resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ICD, implanted
cardioverter-defibrillators; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LQTS, long
Q-T syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; DM,
diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; AF, atrial
fibrillation.\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Table 2} Device parameter settings\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patient\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patient\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patient\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Case 7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VT\textsuperscript{a}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VT\textsuperscript{a}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VT\textsuperscript{a}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
390 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
390 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
360 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VF\textsuperscript{b}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VF\textsuperscript{b}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VF\textsuperscript{b}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
300 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
300 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
270 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
270 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
300 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
300 ms\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Initial\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Initial\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VF\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24/32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24/32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30/40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Redetection\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Redetection\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
VF\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16/\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16/\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12/16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.04\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textsuperscript{a}VT diagnostic interval; \textsuperscript{b}VF
diagnostic interval. VT, ventricular tachycardia; VF, ventricular
fibrillation.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types and shock characteristics of the
implanted devices in each patient & \textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types
and shock characteristics of the implanted devices in each patient &
\textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types and shock characteristics of the
implanted devices in each patient & \textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types
and shock characteristics of the implanted devices in each patient &
\textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types and shock characteristics of the
implanted devices in each patient & \textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types
and shock characteristics of the implanted devices in each patient &
\textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types and shock characteristics of the
implanted devices in each patient & \textbf{Table 3} Arrhythmia types
and shock characteristics of the implanted devices in each
patient\tabularnewline
Patient & Case 1 & Case 2 & Case 3 & Case 4 & Case 5 & Case 6 & Case
7\tabularnewline
Interval between infection and shock delivery & 7 days & 11 days & 10
days & 20 days & 4 days & 7 days & 3 days\tabularnewline
Electrical storm & yes & no & yes & no & no & yes & no\tabularnewline
Type of arrhythmia & SVT & VT & TDP & VT & AF & VF & AF\tabularnewline
Ventricular rate (beats/min) & 240 & 236 & 375 & 261 & 286 & 300 &
194\tabularnewline
Initial QT interval (ms) & 471 & 427 & 509 & 434 & 430 & 434 &
386\tabularnewline
Post-infection QT interval (ms) & 444 & 444 & 536 & 468 & 488 & 451 &
386\tabularnewline
ATP frequency & 35 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 6 & 2 & 9\tabularnewline
Shock frequency & 53 & 2 & 5 & 6 & 8 & 5 & 1\tabularnewline
Shock type & appropriate & appropriate & appropriate & appropriate &
inappropriate & appropriate & inappropriate\tabularnewline
Hospital stays & 18 days & 8 days & 9 days & 8 days & 6 days & 8 days &
20 days\tabularnewline
Patient outcome & recovery & death & recovery & recovery & recovery &
recovery & recovery\tabularnewline
SVT, sustained ventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia;
TDP, torsades de pointes; AF, atrial fibrillation; VF, ventricular
fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia pacing & SVT, sustained ventricular
tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia; TDP, torsades de pointes; AF,
atrial fibrillation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia
pacing & SVT, sustained ventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular
tachycardia; TDP, torsades de pointes; AF, atrial fibrillation; VF,
ventricular fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia pacing & SVT, sustained
ventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia; TDP, torsades de
pointes; AF, atrial fibrillation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; ATP,
antitachycardia pacing & SVT, sustained ventricular tachycardia; VT,
ventricular tachycardia; TDP, torsades de pointes; AF, atrial
fibrillation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia pacing
& SVT, sustained ventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia;
TDP, torsades de pointes; AF, atrial fibrillation; VF, ventricular
fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia pacing & SVT, sustained ventricular
tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia; TDP, torsades de pointes; AF,
atrial fibrillation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia
pacing & SVT, sustained ventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular
tachycardia; TDP, torsades de pointes; AF, atrial fibrillation; VF,
ventricular fibrillation; ATP, antitachycardia pacing\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination results of each patient
post-admission & \textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination results of each
patient post-admission & \textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination results
of each patient post-admission & \textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination
results of each patient post-admission & \textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary
examination results of each patient post-admission & \textbf{Table 4}
Auxiliary examination results of each patient post-admission &
\textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination results of each patient
post-admission & \textbf{Table 4} Auxiliary examination results of each
patient post-admission\tabularnewline
Patient & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7\tabularnewline
WBC count (\selectlanguage{ngerman}×10\textsuperscript{9}) & 7.49 & 18.08 & 3.56 & 7.77 & 10.59
& 5.10 & 7.52\tabularnewline
Serum potassium (mmol/L) & 3.7 & 5.3 & 3.4 & 3.9 & 2.7 & 3.3 &
3.5\tabularnewline
Serum calcium (mmol/L) & 1.95 & 1.8 & 2.05 & 2.17 & 2.23 & 1.93 &
2.07\tabularnewline
CTnI (ng/mL) & 0.002 & 0.030 & 0.004 & 0.081 & 0.297 & 0.199 &
0.023\tabularnewline
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) & 2,586 & 25,758 & 1,850 & 973.3 & 4,934 & 990 &
608\tabularnewline
Serum creatinine (\selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}mol/L) & 159 & 296 & 66 & 108 & 84 & 84 &
85\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

WBC, white blood cell; CTnI, cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP, N-terminal
pro brain natriuretic peptide

\textbf{Figure Legends}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`image1.emf`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/623240/articles/646065-clinical-characteristics-of-shocks-in-patients-with-implanted-cardioverter-defibrillator-following-covid-19-infection}

\textbf{Figure 1} A shock event from Case One. The figure shows a serial
tracing of the same patient for one event.

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

