2.4 | Measurements
Blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic values) was measured by a
trained clinician while the participants were seated. Blood samples were
obtained after at least 8 hours of fasting. The levels of glucose, total
cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and creatinine
were measured. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was
calculated using the equation from the Modification of Diet in Renal
Disease study: eGFR=186.3×serum
creatinine−1.154×age−0.203×0.742
(for women).
Information about lifestyle factors, including smoking status, alcohol
intake status, exercise frequency, and past medical history (history of
hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose [IFG], and
chronic kidney disease [CKD]) was obtained using a standardized
self-assessment questionnaire. Drinking status was divided into three
categories: nondrinker, mild drinker, and heavy drinker; heavy alcohol
consumption was defined as drinking more than 30 g of alcohol per day.
Regular physical activity was defined as more than 30 minutes of
moderate physical activity performed at least five times per week, or
more than 20 minutes of strenuous physical activity performed at least
three times per week. Low income was defined as being within the lowest
20% of the total population based on monthly income.