4.5 Conclusion
To conclude, the present study utilized a roving paradigm with controlled expectations and revealed diverse adaptation patterns within the N1 and P2 time windows. Both N1 initial adaptation and P2 subsequent adaptation (the RP), significantly contributed to MMN. Thus, while N1 initial adaptation plays a role in MMN, it alone cannot fully explain MMN as suggested by the adaptation hypothesis without considering the RP. Theoretically, our findings demonstrate that under a paradigm with expectations controlled, the precision of prediction remains relevant to adaptation effects reflected by N1 amplitude and RP. Practically, the distinct adaptation patterns in N1 and P2 components and their discrete relationships to MMN highlight the importance of isolating the two MMN processes represented by N1 and P2 in future studies investigating adaptation and MMN.