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\begin{document}

\title{Observations of relativistic electron precipitation due to combined
scattering of whistler-mode and EMIC waves}



\author[1]{Muhammad Fraz Bashir}%
\author[2]{Anton V Artemyev}%
\author[3]{Xiao-Jia Zhang}%
\author[1]{Vassilis Angelopoulos}%
\author[4]{Ethan Tsai}%
\author[5]{Colin Wilkins}%
\affil[1]{University of California Los Angeles}%
\affil[2]{UCLA IGPP}%
\affil[3]{The University of Texas at Dallas}%
\affil[4]{UCLA}%
\affil[5]{University of California, Los Angeles}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The two most important wave modes responsible for energetic electron
scattering to the Earth's ionosphere are electromagnetic ion cyclotron
(EMIC) waves and whistler-mode waves. In this study, we report direct
observations of energetic electron (from 50 keV to 2.5 MeV) scattering
driven by the combined effect of whistler-mode and EMIC waves using
ELFIN measurements. We analyze several events exhibiting such
properties, and show that electron resonant interactions with
whistler-mode waves may enhance relativistic electron precipitation by
EMIC waves. During a prototypical event which benefits from conjugate
THEMIS measurements, we demonstrate that below the minimum resonance
energy (Emin) of EMIC waves, the whistler-mode wave may both scatter
electrons into the loss-cone and also accelerate them to higher energy
(1-3 MeV). These accelerated electrons above Emin resonate with EMIC
waves that, in turn, quickly scatter those electrons into the loss-cone.
This enhances relativistic electron precipitation beyond what EMIC waves
alone could achieve.%
\end{abstract}%



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